1.1. Cause and effect words that are followed by nouns ‘Because of’, ‘due to’, and ‘owing to’ are linking words that also show cause, but they must be followed by a noun instead of a verb phrase. The game was cancelled because of the rain. Here, we use a noun, the rain, after the linking words ‘because of’. ‘Due to’ and ‘owing to’ are used the same way. We lost the contract due to Edgar’s careless mistakes. The business went bankrupt owing to a combination of bad luck and bad decisions. ‘So… that’ and ‘Such… that’ We can also use ‘so + an adjective + that’ to create cause and effect: I was so tired that I fell asleep on the bus. In this sentence, ‘I was tired’ is the cause and ‘I fell asleep on the bus’ is the effect. We can also use a quantifier and a noun instead of an adjective to create a sentence in the same way:
2. unit6
2.1. how to keep instruction
3. unit 4
3.1. main idea
4. Linking words help us to connect ideas and sentences. We can use linking words to give examples, add and order information, summarize, give a reason or result, or to contrast ideas. Sometimes we need to link two ideas in a way that shows a cause and effect relationship between them. Look at the following example: I was late to work today because I missed the bus. The first part of the sentence, ‘I was late to work today’, tells us what happened. The second part of the sentence, ‘because I missed the bus’, tells us why it happened. The linking word ‘because’ in this sentence shows cause and effect. The cause is WHY it happens. The effect is WHAT happens. Because, since, as, and so Let’s look more closely at some cause and effect linking words. Some common cause and effect linking words are ‘because’, ‘since’, ‘as’ and ‘so’. ‘Because’, ‘since’, and ‘as’ show cause. It game was cancelled because it was raining. ‘Because it was raining’ is the cause. It is why the game was cancelled. Here are a few more examples. I took notes for you in class today since you were absent. As Monday is a holiday, we have decided to leave town for the weekend. ‘So’, on the other hand, shows effect. It was raining, so the game was cancelled. This is almost the same as the earlier sentence, but we use the word ‘so’ to talk about the effect: the game was cancelled. Consequently and therefore Some other words we can use to talk about effect are ‘therefore’ and ‘consequently’. Jesse’s new girlfriend was allergic to cats. Therefore, he had to give his beloved cat Fluffy away. He stole money from the company, and consequently, he was fired
