Politeness and Language

1. Joos' Formality

1.1. level 1 - frozen

1.1.1. set phrases i.e. wedding vows

1.2. level 2 - formal

1.2.1. lecture where no conversation is expected

1.3. level 3 - consultative

1.3.1. teacher to student, manager to employee

1.4. level 4 - casual

1.4.1. informal setting, friends or colleagues

1.5. level 5 - intimate

1.5.1. partners or family

2. Grice's Maxims

2.1. maxim of quality

2.1.1. is the statement truthful?

2.2. maxim of relevance

2.2.1. is the statement relevant to the conversation?

2.3. maxim of quantity

2.3.1. are you saying enough or too much?

2.4. maxim of manner

2.4.1. is the statement clear, concise and well-ordered?

3. Footing

3.1. role of the speaker

3.1.1. allows for different framing and language styles

4. Convergence

4.1. altering your language to appeal to a certain group

4.1.1. formal language in a job interview

4.1.1.1. allows for overt prestige growth

4.1.2. colloquial language in a friendly setting

4.1.2.1. allows for covert prestige growth

4.2. avoids face-threatening behaviour

4.2.1. builds rapport with a desired group

5. Positive politeness and face

5.1. active social behaviours

5.2. creates a relationship

5.3. allows establishment of positive face

6. Negative politeness and face

6.1. establishes a barrier

6.2. avoids imposition on listener

6.3. lowers risk of face-threatening

7. Prestige

7.1. variation in language

7.2. received pronunciation considered more prestigious than local accent

7.3. higher prestige is usually more formal

8. Divergence

8.1. changing speech patterns to vary from another group

8.2. establishes individual identity

8.3. displays withdrawal from a certain group