8 central aspects

1. individual responsibility

2. group members share responsibility

2.1. to organise themselves

2.2. no formal group leader

3. the teacher

3.1. observes groups

3.2. analyses problems with cooperation

3.3. gives feedback about how well cooperation is working

4. responsibility for progress is shared by all

5. positive dependence

6. groups are heterogenous

6.1. skills

6.2. character

7. aims of group members are

7.1. optimising the learning of each member

7.2. maintaining good work relationships

8. social competences required for cooperation are learnt directly

8.1. Leadership

8.2. Communication

8.3. Building trust

8.4. conflict management