1. Gender
1.1. "Anthropological research suggests that rather than looking for some essential male or female nature rooted in biology that shapes everything from personality to economic activity, a more fruitful exploration must consider both the ways biology and culture shape one another and the ways in which ideas of gender are constructed and performed in response to each culture’s gender norms and expectations."(Guest,P284)
1.1.1. "Cultural construction of gender: The ways humans learn to behave as a man or woman and to recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context."(Guest,P275)
1.1.2. "Gender stratification: An unequal distribution of power in which gender shapes who has access to a group’s resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges."(Guest,P295)
1.1.3. "Gender ideology: A set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification."(Guest,P295)
1.2. Gender is not only identified by biology but also has to consider the cultural shape. Distinguishing sex and Gender will help us understand more.
1.2.1. "Sex: The observable physical differences between male and female, especially biological differences related to human reproduction."(Guest,P273)
1.2.2. "Gender: The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes."(Guest,P273)
2. Anthropology in a Global Age
2.1. "Anthropology is about being the best human beings we can be. Sometimes we screw up and screw up massively. But we have the potential to do better. Anthropology asks that of us and gives us the tools to make it possible."(Guest,25)
2.1.1. "Anthropology: The study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another."(Guest,7)
2.1.2. What Is Globalization, and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?
2.1.2.1. Globalization makes people connection closer.
2.2. Through Anthropology we can better understand human diversity and the changing of globalizing world.
2.2.1. "Paleoanthropology: The study of the history of human evolution through the fossil record."(Guest,13)
2.2.2. "Primatology: The study of living nonhuman primates as well as primate fossils to better understand human evolution and early human behavior."(Guest,13)
2.2.3. "Physical anthropology: The study of humans from a biological perspective, particularly how they have evolved over time and adapted to their environments."(Guest,12)
2.2.4. "Participant observation: A key anthropological research strategy involving both participation in and observation of the daily life of the people being studied."(Guest,16)
3. Religion
3.1. "Rituals reflect a group's values, passions, and sense of unity. They bring values to life"(Guest 579).
3.1.1. "Ritual: An act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embody the beliefs of a group of people and create a sense of continuity and belonging".(Guest 578)
3.1.2. "Liminality: One stage in a rite of passage during which a ritual participant experiences a period of outsiderhood, set apart from normal society, that is key to achieving a new perspective on the past, future, and current community"(Guest 580)
3.2. What Is Religion?
3.2.1. "Belief in powers or deities whose abilities transcend those of the natural world and cannot be measured by scientific tools"(Guest 572).
3.2.2. "Ritual activities that reinforce, recall, instill, and explore collective beliefs."(Guest 572)
3.2.3. "Powerful symbols, often used in religious rituals, that represent key aspects of the religion for its followers"(Guest 573).
3.2.4. "A set of beliefs and rituals based on a unique vision of how the world ought to be, often focused on a supernatural power and lived out in community"(Guest 573).
3.3. Religion gives people a spiritual dimension to their lives and guides them to have the right values in life.The different stages of life are celebrated through rituals
4. The Global Economy
4.1. “economy: A cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor to satisfy their needs and to thrive”（Guest 440).
4.1.1. "economy as a set of adaptive strategies that humans have used to provide food, water, and shelter to a group of people through the production, distribution, and consumption of foodstuffs and other goods"(Guest 440).
4.1.2. "pastoralism: A strategy for food production involving the domestication of animals."(Guest 442)
4.1.3. "barter: The exchange of goods and services one for the other."(Guest 445)
4.2. What Are the Dominant Organizing Principles of the Global Economy Today?
4.2.1. “neoliberalism: An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government.”（Guest 466)
4.2.2. "Flows of capital, goods, and services associated with flexible accumulation have built on old colonial patterns and have made use of advances in transportation and communication technologies (time-space compression)"(Guest 465)
4.3. Through the international exchange, capital flows, technology transfer, service provision, interdependence, and interconnection, world economic activities cross national boundaries to form a global-scale organic economic system.
5. Race and Racism
5.1. Do Biologically Separate Races Exist?
5.1.1. "humans are almost identical, sharing more than 99.9 percent of our DNA. The small differences that do exist are not distributed in any way that would correspond with popular or scientific notions of separate races" (Guest 198)
5.1.2. "genotype: The inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism’s physical form"(Guest 200).
5.1.3. "phenotype: The way genes are expressed in an organism’s physical form as a result of genotype inter- action with environmental factors) (Guest 200).
5.2. How Is Race Constructed around the World?
5.2.1. "Racial categories are human constructs; they are not found in nature"(Guest 203)
5.2.2. "colonialism: The practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions"(Guest 203).
5.3. The claim that people use human physical characteristics to create races, however this is not biologically based, humans have 99.9 similar genes
6. culture
6.1. "Culture: A system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and institutions that are created, learned, shared, and contested by a group of people." (Guest,35)
6.1.1. On page 35"All humans must eat. But what we eat, how we eat, and how we eat with are shaped by local cultures."
6.1.2. Culture promote"Values"
6.1.3. Culture is a social phenomenon, a product of people's creativity over time.
6.2. How is culture learned and taught?
6.2.1. "Humans do not genetically inherit culture. We learn culture throughout our lives from the people and cultural institutions that surround us" (Guest,36)
6.2.2. Enculturation
7. language
7.1. "Language: A system of communication organized by rules that uses symbols such as words, sounds, and gestures to convey information."(Guest,113)
7.1.1. "Kinesics: The study of the relationship between body movements and communication."(Guest, 117)
7.1.2. "Paralanguage: An extensive set of noises (such as laughs, cries, sighs, and yells) and tones of voice that convey significant information about the speaker."(Guest,117)
7.2. We are born with the ability to learn language and use language to communicate. Under different culture people use different way to describe things. Language and culture are inseparable.
7.2.1. "Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: The idea that different languages create different ways of thinking."(Guest,118)
7.2.2. "Sociolinguistics: The study of the ways culture shapes language and language shapes culture, particularly the intersection of language with cultural categories and systems of power such as age, race, ethnicity, sexuality, gender, and class."(Guest,122)
7.2.3. On page 143 says "As soon as you study another language, even a little tiny bit, you stop being a prisoner of your own cultural point of view"
8. sexuality
8.1. "Sexuality: The complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact and the cultural arena within which people debate about what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are right, appropriate, and natural"(Guest 314).
8.1.1. Sexual violence is perpetuated through many different channels including date rape.
8.1.2. "Heterosexuality: Attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the opposite sex."(Guest 322)
8.2. How Is Sexuality an Arena for Working Out Relations of Power?
8.2.1. French philosopher and social scientist Michel Foucault (1978) described sexuality as “an especially dense transfer point for relations of power.” (Guest 371)
8.2.2. "Attention to intersectionality—the way systems of power inter- connect to affect individual lives and group experiences" (Guest 371)
8.3. How Does Globalization Influence Local Expressions of Sexuality?
8.3.1. "Sex work: Labor through which one provides sexual services for money" (Guest 379).
8.3.2. "Sex tourism: Travel, usually organized through the tourism sector, to facilitate commercial sexual relations between tourists and local residents in destinations around the world"(Guest 338).
8.4. Sexuality entails more than making personal decisions about who we want to be our sexual partners and how we want to spend our time with them.
9. Class and Inequality
9.1. "class: A system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society’s resources"(Guest 388)
9.1.1. "prestige: The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups"(Guest 395).
9.1.1.1. "Prestige rankings affect the way individuals are treated in social situations, their access to influential social networks, and their access to people of wealth and power" (Guest 396)
9.1.2. "life chances: An individual’s opportunities to improve quality of life and realize life goals"(Guest 396).
9.1.3. "social mobility: The movement of one’s class position, upward or downward, in stratified societies"(Guest 396).
9.1.4. "Cultural capital is another key to the social reproduction of class"(Guest 398).
9.2. "Inequality exists in every contemporary culture, though it may be organized in very different ways" (Guest 389)
9.2.1. “egalitarian society: A group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence”（Guest 390).
9.2.2. "reciprocity: The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties" (Guest 390).
9.2.2.1. "The chief ’s rank and status are reinforced not through the accumulation of wealth but through reciprocity and generosity" (Guest 391)
9.2.3. "ranked society: A group in which wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are"(Guest 391)
9.3. Every society has inequalities that divide people into classes. But people can improve themselves by seeking different life chances
10. Ethnicity and Nationalism
10.1. "ethnicity: A sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group" (Guest 240).
10.1.1. "Anthropologists see ethnicity as a cultural construction, not as a natural formation based on biology or inherent human nature" (Guest 241).
10.1.2. "Ethnicity is one of the strongest sources of solidarity available" (Guest 241).
10.1.3. "ethnic boundary marker: A practice or belief, such as food, clothing, language, shared name, or religion, used to signify who is in a group and who is not"( Guest 242).
10.1.4. "situational negotiation of identity: An individual’s self-identification with a particular group that can shift according to social location"(Guest 242).
10.1.4.1. "ethnicity is not biologically fixed, self-identification with a particular ethnic group can change according to one’s social location"(Guest 242)
10.2. How and Why Is Ethnicity Created, Mobilized, and Contested?
10.2.1. "it can be activated when power relationships undergo negotiation in a community or a nation" (Guest 244)
10.2.2. "Ethnicity can also be activated by charismatic entrepreneurs of ethnicity who seek support from co-ethnics in their fight for political, economic, or military power against real or perceived enemies"(Guest 244).
10.3. Ethnic distinctions are learnt, not inherited. A nation is a group of people who share a common language, history, ethnicity, or culture, and territory.
11. Politics and Power
11.1. How Have Anthropologists Viewed the Origins of Human Political History?
11.1.1. "Our earliest human ancestors appear to have evolved in small, mobile, egalitarian groups of hunter-gatherers"(Guest 528).
11.1.2. "band: A small kinship-based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory" (Guest 529)
11.1.3. "tribe: Originally viewed as a culturally distinct, multiband population that imagined itself as one people descended from a common ancestor; currently used to describe an indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state"(Guest 532)
11.1.4. "chiefdom: An autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief"(Guest 532).
11.2. What Is the State?
11.2.1. "war made the state and the state made war” (Charles Tilley)
11.2.2. "state: An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory." (Guest 536)
11.2.2.1. "The state, rather than a big man or chief, serves as the source of laws and law enforcement"(Guest 537)
11.2.2.2. "People of all classes within the bounds of the state acquire an identity as citizens who owe allegiance primarily to the state, not to local networks based on kinship, reli- gion, or ethnicity" (Asad 1992).
11.2.2.3. "states are actually quite fluid, contested, and even fragile" (Sharma and Gupta 2006)
11.2.2.4. "hegemony: The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force"(Guest 538)
11.2.3. The state, rather than a powerful individual or chief, is in charge of enacting law to protect them.