1. S + has /have + been + V+ing
2. Passive voice is The sentence in which the subject is action. The structure of the passive voice is Verb to be + V.3
3. Ex.1 My room was cleaned by my mom.
4. Present perfect and present perfect continuous
4.1. Present perfect continuous
4.1.1. used for events that have happened and have passed but still leaving traces visible while speaking.
4.1.1.1. Ex1. The workmen have been digging up the raod and now the traffic cannot pass.
4.2. Present perfect
4.2.1. used to refer to an event that happened in the past and has continued or continued to this day, often with the words since and for.
4.2.2. Used to refer to a newly completed event. The words just , recently (lately ) (not long ago) and lately is used with interrogative and negative sentences
4.2.2.1. Ex.1 Have you been there lately?
4.2.2.2. Ex.2 Yes, I have just finished it.
4.2.3. S + has/have + V3
5. Active and Passive voice
5.1. Active voice is Sentences in which the subject is the action verb This is a sentence that we have been taught since the beginning of learning English.
5.1.1. Ex.1 Johan is drinking coffee.
5.1.2. Ex.2 Jack and Thomas always go to school together.
6. Adjective clause
6.1. Adjective clause is Adjectives that come in the form of a clause The front part that expands the vocabulary like an adjective. In some texts it is called a relative clause.
6.1.1. Adjective Clauses are divided into two types.
6.1.1.1. 1. Relative Pronoun
6.1.1.1.1. Who
6.1.1.1.2. Whom
6.1.1.1.3. Whose
6.1.1.1.4. Which
6.1.1.1.5. That
6.1.1.2. 2. Relative Adverb
6.1.1.2.1. Where
6.1.1.2.2. When
6.1.1.2.3. Why
7. Superlative and Comparatives
7.1. Comparative
7.1.1. It is a comparison to show the greater or lesser value of two things in any sense. with a simple sentence
7.1.2. There are three types of comparative adj.
7.1.2.1. 1. adj. + -er It is most often used with adjectives that are 1-2 syllables in length, bigger , smaller , calmer , etc. By the way, if an adjective ends in y, you'll need to omit the y and add -er.
7.1.2.1.1. Dirty = Dirtier
7.1.2.1.2. Easy = Easier
7.1.2.2. 2. more + adj. This method is often used with adjectives that are 3 or more syllables in length
7.1.2.2.1. More beautiful
7.1.2.2.2. More generous
7.1.2.2.3. More difficult
7.1.2.3. 3. Change the special pattern. Some adjectives are immutable like the two above, but are completely immutable. which requires memorization methods.
7.1.2.3.1. Good = Better
7.1.2.3.2. Far = Farther
7.1.3. S + V. to be + less + Comparative adj. + than + Object
7.1.3.1. Ex.1 The cow is less bigger than the elephant.
7.1.4. S + V. to be + Comparative adj. + than + Object
7.1.4.1. Ex.2 The elephant is bigger than the cow.
7.2. Superlative
7.2.1. It is a comparison of three or more objects, or all of the same category. whether that is good or the most It has a simple sentence structure.
7.2.2. There are three types of comparative adj.
7.2.2.1. 1. the + adj. + -est It is most often used with adjectives that are 1-2 syllables Ex. the greatest the tallest. In this way, if an adjective ends in y, y will be removed and -est is added.
7.2.2.1.1. pretty = the prettiest
7.2.2.1.2. lazy = the laziest
7.2.2.2. 2. the + most + adj. This method is often used with adjectives that are longer than three syllables, such as the most expensive , the most important. But it is also sometimes used with adjectives that are less than three syllables.
7.2.2.2.1. The most honest
7.2.2.2.2. The most handsome
7.2.2.3. 3. Change special pattern Some adjectives are immutable like the two above, but are completely immutable. which requires a memorization method By which word changes the special form in the comparative rank? It will also change the special format in the ultimate comparison.
7.2.2.3.1. good = the best
7.2.2.3.2. bad = the worst
8. Modal verbs
8.1. Modal Verbs are auxiliary verbs. A group of Modal verbs that should be known are shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, and must. Modal Verbs is special in that it has a meaning of itself. This is because auxiliary verbs are usually only tasked with making a sentence grammatically complete but meaningless.
8.1.1. Modal verb to know
8.1.1.1. Can / Cloud
8.1.1.1.1. The negative form of Can is Can not (Can't).
8.1.1.1.2. The negative form of Could is Could not (Couldn't).
8.1.1.1.3. Sentence Structure: Can/Could + V.infinitive
8.1.1.1.4. We will use the modal verb Can/Could to describe the ability to do something. possibility of events or requesting / asking for permission
8.1.1.2. Will / Would
8.1.1.2.1. The negative form of Will is Will not (Won't)
8.1.1.2.2. The negative form of Would is Would not (Wouldn't)
8.1.1.2.3. We use modal verbs Will/Would to refer to an intended future event. including telling the possibility
8.1.1.3. Sentence Structure: Will / Would + V.infinitive
8.1.1.4. Shall / Should
8.1.1.4.1. The negative form of Shall is Shall not (Shan’t)
8.1.1.4.2. The negative form of Should is Should not (Shouldn’t)
8.1.1.4.3. Sentence Structure: Shall / Should + V.infinitive
8.1.1.4.4. Use modal verbs Shall/Should when you want to give advice, make suggestions, or tell a certain future event.
8.1.1.5. May / Might
8.1.1.5.1. The negative form of May is May not
8.1.1.5.2. The negative form of Might is Might not (Mightn’t)
8.1.1.5.3. Sentence Structure: May / Might + V.infinitive
8.1.1.5.4. The modal verb May/Might indicates the likelihood of an event (where may is more probable than might).
8.1.1.6. Must
8.1.1.6.1. Sentence Structure: Must + V.infinitive
8.1.1.6.2. Use it in declarative sentences to describe regulations. and in negative sentences to say that something should not be done.
8.1.1.7. Ought to
8.1.1.7.1. Sentence structure: Ought to + V.infinitive
8.1.1.7.2. Use with instructions or used with things that are not yet certain It's a word that people used in the past. It is rarely used nowadays, should be used more.
8.2. After Modal Verbs, it must be followed by infinitive verbs (simple verbs that do not add -ing, -ed, to, s, or es).
8.2.1. Ex1. Shall we go to the movie tonight?
8.3. Modal Verb Do not add s regardless of the subject.
8.3.1. Ex.1 Can I have a cup of coffee please?
8.4. How is a modal verb different from a regular verb?
8.4.1. Can make negative sentences or questions without using other modal verbs such as do, does.
8.4.1.1. Ex.1 May I come in?
9. Phrasal Verbs
9.1. A group of words made up of a verb followed by an adverb, preposition, or both prepositions. and then have a new meaning, for example see off means to send off comes from see is a verb meaning see, combined with off which is a preposition meaning to leave.
9.1.1. Phrasal Verbs are divided into two types.
9.1.1.1. 1. Separable verbs is Phrasal verbs that can be separated verb and preposition.
9.1.1.1.1. call off
9.1.1.1.2. give out
9.1.1.1.3. look up
9.1.1.1.4. try on
9.1.1.1.5. turn on
9.1.1.1.6. turn off
9.1.1.2. 2. Inseparable Verbs is Phrasal verbs that, if present, cannot be separated from the verb and the preposition. The karma is always placed after the phrasal verb.
9.1.1.2.1. Look after
9.1.1.2.2. Run into
9.1.1.2.3. Cope with
9.1.1.2.4. Get on/off