1. Formula: M * s = C + ρ * s where S – is the time taken M – Maximum output rate ρ – Token arrival rate C – Capacity of the token bucket in byte
2. used to treat or alleviate congestion after it happens
3. Congestion causes packets to be dropped on the network due to buffer overflow, and therefore leads to data loss and unreliable connection.
4. Open Loop Congestion Control Open loop congestion control policies are applied to prevent congestion before it happens. The congestion control is handled either by the source or the destination.
5. A state occurs in the network layer when the message traffic is so heavy that it slows down network response time.
6. The leaky bucket algorithm controls the rate at which the packets are introduced in the network, but it is very conservative in nature.
7. Closed Loop Congestion Control Closed loop congestion control techniques are used to treat or alleviate congestion after it happens.
7.1. A method used for monitoring the process of regulating the total amount of data entering the network so as to keep traffic levels at an acceptable value.
8. Congestion in a subnet can occur if the processors are slow. Slow speed CPU at routers will perform the routine tasks such as queuing buffers, updating table etc slowly.
