1. End of notes
2. Physical geography
2.1. 1. Atmosphere
2.1.1. The atmosphere is the layer of gases and tiny particles that surrounds the Earth.
2.2. 2. Hydrosphere
2.2.1. The hydrosphere refers to all water found on the Earth and in the atmosphere.
2.3. 3. Lithosphere
2.3.1. The lithosphere is the solid layer of rock that forms the Earth's surface.
2.4. 4. Biosphere
2.4.1. The biosphere refers to all living things on Earth, including plant and animal life found on land and in the sea.
3. Human geography
3.1. What is housing?
3.1.1. Housing refers to structures or buildings developed by people to shelter themselves from the elements. Extra Info: Elements are like the four seasons.
3.2. What are transport systems?
3.2.1. Transport systems refer to the equipment, infrastructure and networks that support the movement of people and goods from one location to another.
4. What are geographical concepts?
4.1. What is space?
4.1.1. Space refers to a physical area on the Earth's surface.
4.2. What is place?
4.2.1. Place refers to an area of the Earth's surface that holds special meaning for people.
4.3. What is environment?
4.3.1. Environment refers to the physical and built environments, as well as the processes that occur naturally or result from human actions.
4.4. What is scale?
4.4.1. Scale refers to the level of detail at which geographers study something.
5. Chapter 5 notes
5.1. What is the tropical climate?
5.1.1. High mean annual temperature
5.1.2. High annual rainfall
5.2. Mangroves
5.2.1. What are mangroves and where are they found?
5.2.1.1. Water with higher salinity
5.2.1.2. Coastal areas
5.2.1.3. River mouths
5.2.1.4. Sheltered environments
5.2.2. What are the characteristics of mangroves?
5.2.2.1. Limited variety of plant species
5.2.2.2. Relatively uniform height
5.2.2.3. Horizontal zonation
5.2.3. Conditions for growth of mangroves
5.2.3.1. Tropical Climate
5.2.3.1.1. Unable to withstand freezing conditions
5.2.3.1.2. Average air and water temperatures do not fall below 20 degrees celsius.
5.2.3.1.3. Calm water conditions
5.2.3.1.4. Seedlings can take root and grow without being washed away by strong waves.
5.2.3.1.5. Encourage the accumulation of fine sediments containing nutrients, which mangroves require to sustain their growth.
5.2.4. How have plants in mangroves adapted to their environment?
5.2.4.1. Salt-secreting leaves
5.2.4.2. Salt-excluding roots
5.2.4.3. Aerial roots
5.2.4.3.1. Pencil roots
5.2.4.3.2. Cone roots
5.2.4.3.3. Prop roots
5.2.4.3.4. Knee-bend roots
5.3. Tropical Rainforests
5.3.1. What are tropical rainforests and Where are they found?
5.3.1.1. Places with tropical climate
5.3.1.2. Close to the Equator
5.3.2. What are the characteristics of tropical rainforests?
5.3.2.1. Evergreen
5.3.2.2. Large variety of plant species
5.3.2.3. Vertical structure
5.3.2.3.1. Emergent layer
5.3.2.3.2. Canopy layer
5.3.2.3.3. Undergrowth layer
5.3.3. How have plants in tropical rainforests adapted to their environment?
5.3.3.1. Broad leaves
5.3.3.2. Waxy leaves
5.3.3.3. Drip tips
5.3.3.4. Buttress roots