APUSH Units 7-9

1. Unit 7: 1898-1945

1.1. Topic 2: DEBATES About AMERICAN IMPERIALISM

1.1.1. Imperialism - the expansion of one country's political, economic, and military influence over another country

1.1.1.1. Purchase of Alaska - William Seward, Lincoln and Johnson's Secretary of State, offered to purchase the territory for 7.2 million (1867)

1.1.1.1.1. It was dubbed Seward's Folly because Alaska seemed to not have value until gold was discovered (1898)

1.2. Topic 3: The SPANISH-AMERICAN War

1.2.1. One of the territories that imperialists, mainly industrialists and politicians, wanted to acquire was Cuba, which was owned by Spain

1.2.1.1. Cuban nationalists tried to revolt but Spain was able to crush it (1895)

1.2.1.1.1. Yellow Journalism - group of journalists competing for greater readership under the competing leadership of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, they got people's attention by publishing sensationalist stories that bordered the edge of truth and responsible journalism

1.2.2. Open Door Policy with China

1.2.2.1. China was essentially taken over economically by European nations, which were superior with industrial strength

1.2.2.1.1. Europeans carved up spheres of influence in China

1.3. Topic 4: The PROGRESSIVE Era

1.3.1. Progressives were very diverse in their causes, they didn't always agree on what causes were the most important, but they all agreed that society was deteriorating and the only cure was significant government intervention

1.3.1.1. Progressive Causes

1.3.1.1.1. Growing power of big business, Uncertainties in the economy, Increasingly violent conflicts between labor groups and their employers, Political machine power, Jim Crow segregation in the South, Lack of women's suffrage, Alcohol

1.3.1.2. Progressive Era Journalists

1.3.1.2.1. Muckrakers - insulted by Teddy Roosevelt, these investigative journalists sought to expose corruption in America

1.3.1.3. Progressive President

1.3.1.3.1. Teddy Roosevelt became president after William McKinley got assassinated, but when he had to run for reelection, he was easily elected, running on a program he called the Square Deal

1.4. Topic 5: WORLD WAR I: Military & Diplomacy

1.4.1. After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, two coalitions formed against each other (July 1914)

1.4.1.1. Triple Entente (Allied Powers) - Britain, Russia, France

1.4.1.2. Triple Alliance (Central Powers) - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

1.4.1.3. The US remained neutral for a good majority of the war until a few events made it difficult for the them to stay out of the war

1.4.1.3.1. Sinking of the Lusitania - German submarines sank a passenger ship near Britain carrying 128 American civilians, which enraged the public and President Woodrow Wilson (1915)

1.5. Topic 6: WORLD WAR I: On the Homefront

1.5.1. Total War - WW1 was a total war, meaning the countries fighting mobilized much of their economic, industrial, and social resources in order to win

1.5.1.1. When the US entered the war, Wilson established wartime agencies that operated with Progressive efficiency (Taylorism & Scientific Management)

1.5.1.1.1. War Industries Board - coordinated labor and management to keep factories pumping out war-related materials

1.5.1.1.2. Food Administration - ensured food production was sufficient for troops and Americans at home

1.5.1.1.3. Because American industry was in high gear, many people migrated from rural areas to urban industrial centers to find work

1.5.1.1.4. Some people opposed mobilization to fight a European war

1.5.2. Red Scare - after the war, people were anxious about communists, fearing a communist infiltration after the Russian Revolution's success (1919)

1.5.2.1. It led to further xenophobia (fear of immigrants) which led to further immigration restrictions

1.5.2.2. Palmer Raids - Attorney General Mitchell Palmer tasked official J. Edgar Hoover to secretly gather information on suspected radicals, leading to the mass arrest of socialists, radicals, labor union leaders, and others

1.5.3. Immigration from Europe reached its peak in the years before WW1, leading to a backlash of nativism

1.5.3.1. Nativists were angry that these immigrants were not Protestant

1.5.3.1.1. Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and National Origins Act of 1924

1.5.4. The Great Migration

1.5.4.1. Huge portions of the southern black population migrated to urban industrial centers of the north

1.5.4.1.1. One of the main reasons was to escape the oppressive atmosphere of the south created by Jim Crow laws

1.5.4.1.2. They also migrated in order to find jobs, because cities like NY and Chicago were experiencing a boom in industry but the immigrant labor they needed was restricted by immigrant quotas, so they needed workers

1.5.4.1.3. Black migrants still faced discrimination but it wasn't as entrenched in the legal structures of the north

1.6. Topic 7: The 1920s: Innovations in COMMUNICATION and TECHNOLOGY

1.6.1. Henry Ford made automobiles, the most recognizable being the mass produced Model T

1.6.1.1. Assembly Line - Ford opened a manufacturing plant where parts travelled on a conveyer belt and each person worked on a specific job assembling the parts, it was extremely efficient and made cars way cheaper, and unskilled assembly line workers replaced skilled workers in many sectors of manufacturing (1913)

1.6.1.1.1. Taylor's Scientific Management was fundamental in creating the efficiency of assembly line work

1.7. Topic 8: The 1920s: CULTURAL and POLITICAL Controversies

1.7.1. By 1920, more than half of Americans lived in cities, which opened new opportunities for women, immigrants, and migrants

1.7.1.1. Women

1.7.1.1.1. Most middle class women were expected to follow the cult of domesticity, but women living in urban centers, they had more opportunities to enter the workforce as nurses, teachers, and factory workers

1.7.1.1.2. Flappers - Some women threw off convention, cutting their hair short, smoking, drinking, and showing ankles in public, they were a symbol of women's liberation (1920s)

1.7.1.2. Immigrants

1.7.1.2.1. After WW1, another large influx of immigrants especially from southern & eastern Europe and Asia came to the US to the backlash of nativism

1.7.1.3. Migration

1.7.1.3.1. Great Migration - essentially a continuation of the Exodusters movement from last period, huge numbers of southern black population left the south to settle in the North and Midwest, many settled in NY and Harlem

1.7.1.4. Growing division between urban and rural Protestants

1.7.1.4.1. Modernists - urban protestants who could embrace the changing culture with respect to gender roles and Darwin's popular evolutionary theory of origins

1.7.1.4.2. Fundamentalists - rural Protestants who condemned the degradation of morals in cities, they believed every word of the Bible must be taken seriously

1.7.1.4.3. Scopes Monkey Trial - it was illegal to teach Darwin's theory of evolution in Tennessee, which a teacher named John Scopes did anyway, leading to his arrest (1925)

1.8. Topic 9-10: The GREAT DEPRESSION & the NEW DEAL

1.8.1. Black Tuesday - The prosperity of the 1920s crashed when the stock market crashed (Oct. 29, 1929)

1.8.1.1. Causes

1.8.1.1.1. Farmers overproduced for several years and were in severe debt as a result because of high tariffs, which were exceedingly high in the 1920s

1.8.1.1.2. The stock market was artificially inflated because of risky investment behavior such as buying on margin (speculation)

1.8.1.2. This marks the beginning of the Great Depression

1.8.1.2.1. Poverty and homelessness abounded, people were foreclosing on their mortgages, and many who had lost their homes lived in shantytowns called Hoovervilles after President Hoover

1.9. Topic 11: Interwar FOREIGN POLICY (between WWI & WWII)

1.9.1. After WW1, American foreign policy largely slid into isolationism

1.9.1.1. President Warren G. Harding - ran on the campaign promise of a "return to normalcy" (1920)

1.9.1.1.1. Outcomes of isolationism

1.9.1.1.2. US isolationism became harder and harder to maintain (1930s)

1.10. Topic 12: World War II: MOBILIZATION

1.10.1. Entering in the middle of WW2, America entered total war, mobilizing their economy

1.10.1.1. Federal spending increased something like 1000% percent, as American industry mobilized, and all that spending increased the GDP by 15%, pulling the US out of the Great Depression

1.10.1.1.1. Private industries were commandeered for wartime production

1.10.1.2. Over the war, almost 15 million Americans served

1.10.1.2.1. Selective Service Act - the first peacetime military draft (one year before the US entered WW2) (1940)

1.10.1.3. Japanese Relocation (1942)

1.10.1.3.1. The west coast had a large population of Japanese American citizens, who were now associated with the hated Japanese and being suspected as spies for the Japanese government

1.11. Topic 13: World War II: Military Strategy

1.11.1. Just like WW1, US entry tipped the balance in favor of the Allied Powers over the Axis Powers

1.11.1.1. Many Americans saw it as a fight for the survival of democracy and freedom against fascist totalitarianism, this commitment was strengthened as German atrocities towards Jews came to light

1.11.1.1.1. The Holocaust - As the Allied took over more Axis territory, they found Jewish concentration camps where Jews were condemned to forced labor and death, this justified Americans that their involvement in the war was right

1.11.1.2. Pacific Theater

1.11.1.2.1. The US focused on the Pacific Theater at the beginning of the war because Japan was the aggressor

1.11.1.3. European Theater

1.11.1.3.1. In the European Theater, Russians were the main defenders against the Germans, so the Russians urged Britain and the US to open a second front in the west against Germany (before June 1944)

1.12. Topic 14: Postwar DIPLOMACY

1.12.1. The US emerged from the war as the most powerful nation on Earth

1.12.1.1. Causes

1.12.1.1.1. Americans didn't deal with the destruction of WW2 at home, so while other countries were rebuilding, US cities and factories were in position to enter a period of great prosperity

1.12.1.1.2. The US played a critical role in winning the war, by leveraging its industrial capacity to aid the Allies and weapons technology such as the atomic bombs

1.12.1.2. Effects and Postwar Diplomacy

1.12.1.2.1. One of the most pressing issues was limiting the spread of Soviet communism

1.12.1.2.2. United Nations - the creation of the UN which would be an international peace-keeping assembly which prevents future wars, but they now had infrastructure to keep the peace, such as peacekeeping soldiers supplied by member nations whose job is to stabilize unstable environments

2. Unit 8: 1945-1980

2.1. Topic 2: The COLD WAR

2.1.1. Cold War - A conflict between two belligerents in which neither engages in open warfare with the other

2.1.1.1. Causes

2.1.1.1.1. From the moment the Russian Revolution began in 1917, the US saw authoritarian communism as a threat to democracy and capitalism and didn't want it to spread

2.1.1.1.2. In the treaty that ended the war, Germany was split into 4 occupation zones, one each for the Soviet Union, US, Britain, and France, the same was done for Berlin, which was in the Soviet's Germany occupation zone

2.1.1.2. US Response

2.1.1.2.1. Containment - containing the spread of communism

2.1.1.3. Nuclear Proliferation - fierce arms race between the US and Soviets

2.1.1.3.1. The US developed the first atomic bomb in 1945, and because Soviet infiltration in American intelligence agencies, the Soviets tested their first atomic bomb in 1949

2.1.1.4. Proxy Wars - wars backed by the US and Soviets

2.1.1.4.1. Korean War

2.1.1.4.2. Vietnam War - (Topic 8.8)

2.2. Topic 3: The RED SCARE

2.2.1. Second Red Scare - happened just after WW2, different from the Red Scare during WW1

2.2.1.1. While the US fought to contain Soviet communism, there was a push to root it out at home

2.2.1.1.1. In labor unions and the federal government, people had to pledge loyalty to the US and swear they weren't communist

2.2.1.1.2. Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) - committee in the House which began searching for communist influence in all of American society, most notably in Hollywood, where anticommunist representatives thought communists could go and spread their message to the American public

2.2.1.1.3. Joseph McCarthy - senator who claimed to have the names of 205 known communists who infiltrated the state department in a speech, which had the effect of making everyone think the US was crawling with secret communists, McCarthy later admitted it was only 57 (1950)

2.2.1.1.4. Rosenberg Case - when the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb (Aug. 29, 1945), Americans were convinced the Soviets stole scientific information from the US, accusing Julius and Ethel Rosenberg of being involved in the espionage

2.3. Topic 4: ECONOMY After 1945

2.3.1. The economy in the 1950s was booming because of increased productivity that spilled over from the war and massive federal spending on infrastructure

2.3.1.1. Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill) - WW2 veterans were given the opportunity to go to college and take out low interest loans to buy houses and start businesses

2.3.1.2. Baby Boom - During this economic boom, Americans made many more babies between 1945 to 1960

2.3.1.2.1. Suburbs - increased demand for housing construction from new families, automobiles allowed for suburban living, and as cities built more roads, the middle class decided they wanted to live outside cities and commute in for work, mainly a white middle class phenomenon which left minorities and the impoverished in cities

2.4. Topic 5: CULTURE After 1945

2.4.1. Mass Culture - widespread and homogeneous set of ideas and patterns of behavior that many Americans subscribed to

2.4.1.1. McCarthyism - as fear spread about being a communist, there was societal pressure to conform to being a predictable American, because being nonconforming or different would make you suspect

2.4.1.2. By the end of 1950s, most Americans had a television, providing a platform for the consumption of mass culture

2.4.1.2.1. Television programming was dominated by a few networks producing sports programming, sitcoms, soap operas, and variety shows

2.4.1.3. With the rise of television came the rise of the advertising industry

2.4.1.3.1. The general prosperity of the time allowed people, especially the middle class, to have money to spend

2.4.1.4. Rock 'N' Roll music became exceedingly popular among the younger generation, it had its roots in black musicians like Chuck Berry but became more white in the music of Elvis Presley

2.4.1.5. People challenged the cultural conformity of the age, such as artists

2.4.1.5.1. Beatniks - poets who rebelled against the conformity of the age through their poetry

2.4.1.5.2. J.D. Salinger - writer of The Catcher in the Rye, a novel about a troubled and cynical teenager named Holden Cofield who had a profound distaste for phoniness, and it was some of the mass cultural conformity that were the targets of Cofield's criticism

2.5. Topic 6: The Civil Rights Movement in the 1940s & 1950s

2.5.1. During the 1940s and 1950s, civil rights activists sought to put pressure on the American government to keep promises made during Reconstruction

2.5.1.1. Executive Order 9981 - Truman's executive order banning segregation in the US Armed Forces (signed 1948, enforced 1950, when the Korean War began)

2.5.1.1.1. Committee on Civil Rights - Truman created this committee to examine the real conditions of civil rights in America and give recommendations on how to address them (1946)

2.5.1.2. Brown v. The Board of Education - dealt with the racial segregation of schools

2.5.1.2.1. Oliver Brown's young daughter had to attend a black school over a mile from her house instead of a white school around the corner

2.6. Topic 7: America as a WORLD POWER

2.6.1. After WW2, there was a movement of decolonization as major empires began to crumble

2.6.1.1. The US and Soviet Union aided newly formed, politically unstable, self-governed nations to hopefully influence them

2.6.1.1.1. Latin America

2.6.1.1.2. Middle East

2.6.1.1.3. Asia

2.6.2. Eisenhower's warning against the proliferation of the Military-Industrial Complex

2.6.2.1. He warned of the relationship between the military and the industrial capacity which churned out munitions for the Cold War, with military production so closely tied to industrial capacity, it would be tempting to make policy decisions based on the material interests of industries making the weapons

2.7. Topic 8: The VIETNAM WAR

2.7.1. JFK entered office after Eisenhower and he agreed with the domino theory, so he sent military advisers into South Vietnam to "support the government" and not fight

2.7.1.1. When JFK was assassinated, his VP Lyndon B. Johnson became president as situations in Vietnam were worsening (1963)

2.7.1.1.1. Gulf of Tonkin Incident - the North Vietnamese fired on a US battleship in the Gulf of Tonkin, who was there to "get a sense of what's happening"

2.8. Topic 9: Lyndon Johnson's GREAT SOCIETY

2.8.1. Essentially an extension and further implementation of FDR's New Deal, it wanted to abolish poverty in the US through programs mirroring the welfare state created in the New Deal

2.8.1.1. Just like FDR, LBJ had a Democratic congressional majority, allowing him to do whatever he wanted to do in terms of domestic programs

2.8.1.1.1. Office of Economic Opportunity - implemented self-help programs like literacy instruction and vocational training to impoverished Americans, it had limited success as the cycle of poverty was harder to break than anticipated

2.8.1.1.2. Great Society policies

2.8.1.1.3. Liberalism in America was in a golden age, liberals were united by anticommunist sentiment and the conviction that government activity was necessary to right the wrongs of society

2.9. Topic 10: The African American CIVIL RIGHTS Movement (1960s)

2.9.1. Civil Rights Movement - it began in the 1940s and 1950s with a few successes, such as desegregation of armed forces and Brown v. The Board of Education

2.9.1.1. Montgomery Bus Boycott - sparked by Rosa Parks, it led to a citywide bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, and due to financial pressure, it led to the bus company ending the policy of requiring black passengers yielding seats to white passengers (1955)

2.9.1.1.1. Martin Luther King Jr. - Atlanta preacher who joined the boycott, but became the voice of a nonviolent Civil Rights Movement. To MLK, civil disobedience of unjust laws was the best way to force change in a corrupt system, which he learned from Ghandi

2.9.1.2. By the 1960s, a younger activist generation joined the movement

2.9.1.2.1. Sit-In Movement - members would enter restaurants and sit at whites-only counters demanding service, leading to mass arrests and the movement ending up on the front pages of newspapers, the increased pressure led to restaurants changing their policies

2.9.1.3. MLK and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference launched a major campaign in Montgomery, Alabama, peacefully protesting in the city (1963)

2.9.1.3.1. Public safety commissioner Bull Connor directed city police to use high-pressure fire hoses, police dogs, and other manifestations of brutal force against adult protestors as well as children participating in the Children's Crusade

2.9.1.4. March on Washington - more than 200,000 Civil Rights activists gathered on the lawn of the Washington Monument in front of the Lincoln Memorial, where MLK gave his iconic I Have a Dream speech expressing his desire for a society defined by equality and great pathos (1963)

2.9.1.5. This era of the Civil Rights Movement came to an end when in Memphis, Tennessee, MLK was assassinated (1968)

2.9.1.5.1. Racial tension still endured, and race riots erupted, making it plain that the movement was not over

2.9.2. Response from federal government

2.9.2.1. Civil Rights Act of 1964 - made discrimination on the basis of race, religion, or sex illegal

2.9.2.2. Voting Rights Act of 1965 - prohibited racial discrimination in the voting booth by outlawing literacy tests and poll taxes

2.9.2.2.1. Authorized the federal government to oversee voting in counties which had historically low black voter turnout

2.9.2.3. Loving v. Virginia (1967)

2.9.2.3.1. Struck down state laws that made interracial marriage illegal

2.10. Topic 11: The CIVIL RIGHTS Movement EXPANDS

2.10.1. Women

2.10.1.1. Women had been working toward equality since the beginning of the US

2.10.1.1.1. Cultural norms of the 1950s taught women that their place was in the home where their job was to make the home a haven of rest for their husband and children

2.10.2. Latinos

2.10.2.1. Mexican agricultural workers came to America to work its fields, but they were paid a pittance (1950s-1960s)

2.10.2.1.1. Ceser Chavez and Dolores Huerta created the United Farm Workers to correct this abuse and protect the interests of migrant farmworkers (1962)

2.10.3. American Indians

2.10.3.1. Founded the American Indian Movement (1968) whose goal was to reclaim their heritage and tribal traditions lost to American acculturation, achieve self-determination, and address shared systemic poverty by many American Indians

2.10.3.1.1. Occupation of Alcatraz Island - by the 1960s, Alcatraz Prison was abandoned by the federal government, and according to a earlier treaty, any land abandoned would be returned to the original Indian inhabitants

2.10.4. Gay Liberation Movement

2.10.4.1. Stonewall Inn - raid on a known gathering place for gay people, breaking anti-gay laws on the books (1969)

2.10.4.1.1. Spontaneous resistance led to multiple organized protests for the expansion of gay rights and activists encouraged gay Americans to be open about their identities and work towards the end of discriminatory practices against their community

2.11. Topic 12: YOUTH Culture of the 1960s

2.11.1. Youth conflict to the Vietnam War

2.11.1.1. Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) - conservative college organization which supported America's involvement because it contained communism

2.11.1.2. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) - released their beliefs in the Port Huron Statement which stressed participatory democracy and direct government action, challenging the prevailing norm that every effort must be made to stop the spread of global communism

2.11.1.3. These college students cared because they would be drafted into an immoral war once they graduated

2.11.1.3.1. Students engaged in massive anti-war demonstrations

2.11.2. Counterculture - movement to cast off societal restraint and overturn cultural norms with rebellious clothing and experimental drug use

2.11.2.1. Hippie - iconic image of the movement, dressed in ways completely foreign to traditional American culture

2.11.2.1.1. Haight-Ashbury District - in San Francisco, hippies gathered into communal living based on countercultural ideals, drug use, and music of the era, taking lots of marijuana and LSD

2.11.2.1.2. Their informal clothes critiqued the prim and proper style of the 1950s and they also valued informality in music

2.11.2.2. Sexual Revolution - became increasingly normal to engage in casual sex with multiple partners instead of reserving it for marriage and monogamy, patent critique on the sexual norms of their parents' generation

2.11.2.3. The counterculture fizzled out because of the excesses of using psychedelic drugs

2.12. Topic 13: The ENVIRONMENT & NATURAL RESOURCES (1968-1980)

2.12.1. Oil came from a cluster of nations in the Middle East, who the US had strained relations with

2.12.1.1. Began with the creation of Israel, which Arab nations strongly opposed, while the US remained a tight ally of Israel (1948)

2.12.1.1.1. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - formed by Arab oil exporting nations to better control oil prices, they lowered the amount of oil exports to the US and raised the price of oil they did export because of their alliance with Israel (1973)

2.13. Topic 14: American SOCIETY in TRANSITION

2.13.1. Election of Ronald Reagan was the crowning achievement of conservatism

2.13.1.1. Roots of conservatism backlash

2.13.1.1.1. Radical conservatism

2.13.1.1.2. Moderate conservatism

2.13.1.1.3. Religious Right

2.13.1.1.4. Others

2.13.1.1.5. Economic turmoil

3. Unit 9: 1980-Present

3.1. Topic 2: Ronald Reagan and CONSERVATISM

3.1.1. Sorrows of the Democratic presidency of Jimmy Carter would make it easy for conservatives to unseat him

3.1.1.1. Carter watched the nation deal with Stagflation, the Iran Hostage Crisis, and the Energy Crisis

3.1.1.1.1. Reagan and the New Right

3.2. Topic 3: The END of the Cold War

3.2.1. Ronald Reagan's work in hastening the end of the Cold War

3.2.1.1. Speeches

3.2.1.1.1. Gave speeches throughout the world to convince anyone who listened that the Soviet Union was ready to fall

3.2.1.2. Diplomatic Efforts

3.2.1.2.1. Detente - thanks to Nixon, there was a period of cooling down the tensions between the US and Soviet Union, this tension got built back up in Carter's presidency (1960s)

3.2.1.3. Limited Military Interventions

3.2.1.3.1. Reagan Doctrine - the US will support any regime that was anticommunist

3.2.1.4. Building Up of Nuclear and Conventional Weapons

3.2.1.4.1. Under Reagan, new weapons like the B-1 Bomber and the MX Missile were created with billions of dollars

3.2.1.4.2. Oversaw the expansion of the US Navy from 450 to 600 ships

3.2.1.4.3. Strategic Defense Initiative - plan to build military-grade satellites that could shoot down missiles from space, critics called it Star Wars

3.2.1.4.4. The defense budget grew from about $170 billion (1981) to over $300 billion (1984)

3.2.1.5. Reagan left office before the Cold War ended, and his successor George H. W. Bush would do it

3.2.1.5.1. When Bush was elected in 1988, the Soviet Union was beginning to fall apart due to challenges from Eastern European nations

3.3. Topic 4: A Changing ECONOMY

3.3.1. Digital Revolution

3.3.1.1. Computer - originated in the US in 1946, but over the 20th century, transistors and microprocessors decreased the size of computers until Apple created home computers for use (1977)

3.3.1.1.1. IBM followed with the production of PCs, and PCs were in every workspace (1980s)

3.3.1.2. The widespread use of the Internet along with computers dramatically altered life

3.3.1.2.1. Email replaced handwritten letters and memos

3.3.1.2.2. File Sharing programs like Napster allowed people to share digital music files and altered the way the music industry did business

3.3.1.2.3. News and media industries struggled to digitize their content

3.3.1.2.4. Amazon.com drove many brick and mortar stores out of business

3.3.2. The digital revolution led to increased productivity starting in 1995, as communication became faster, but the standard of living didn't increase as much

3.3.2.1. Manufacturing declined in the late 20th and early 21st century while the service sector has increased sharply

3.3.2.1.1. American manufacturing has been increasingly outsourced overseas, especially to China

3.3.2.1.2. The Service Sector provides services like education, legal services, food service operations, etc.

3.3.2.1.3. These changes have led to an increasing gap between the wealthy and middle class

3.4. Topic 5: MIGRATION & IMMIGRATION in the 1990s & 2000s

3.4.1. After WW2, there was a big migration to the Sun Belt states, and this pattern continued into this period

3.4.1.1. The advent of affordable air conditioning attracted even more people to the Sun Belt

3.4.1.1.1. This had serious political consequences

3.4.2. During the 1990s and 2000s, international immigrants also began moving into the Sun Belt

3.4.2.1. Immigrants from Latin America were drawn to California for argicultural work, others came from Asia and the Middle East

3.4.2.1.1. These immigrants had a positive impact on the economy

3.4.2.2. Causes

3.4.2.2.1. Immigration and Nationality Act - allowed immigrants to come to the US in larger proportions than before (1965)

3.5. Topic 6: CHALLENGES of the 21st Century in America

3.5.1. Disputed election of 2000 - Republican George W. Bush ran against Democrat Al Gore, the outcome was so close that the SC had to decide, in the end they chose Bush

3.5.1.1. September 11th, 2001 - Al Qaeda terrorist groups coordinated an attack using the Internet and cellular technology on America

3.5.1.1.1. They hijacked four planes, two crashed into the World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon, and the last crashed into the countryside because the passengers resisted

3.5.2. Environmental issues

3.5.2.1. The debate over American dependence on fossil fuels was renewed in this period

3.5.2.1.1. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, a big source of oil for the US, which triggered a war with Iraq back in the 90s under George H.W. Bush

3.5.2.1.2. Growing concern over climate change, brought to popular attention by Al Gore, who toured the country lecturing that the use of fossil fuels increased greenhouse gases in the ozone layer and was heating up the planet