1. 1763-1900
1.1. Royal Proclamation – 1763
1.1.1. recognized abs. as organized nations with own lands
1.1.2. was to prevent further settlement until treaties signed
1.2. Reserve System – 1830
1.2.1. 0.4% of land
1.2.2. govt control of land/property of abs.
1.2.2.1. land owned by federal govt
1.2.2.2. money distributed by chief and band council
1.2.2.2.1. power/control over community
1.2.3. living conditions lower than rest of Canada
1.2.3.1. life expectancy 6 years lower
1.2.3.2. Suicide rate 8x higher
1.3. Assimilation 1864-1867
1.3.1. goal to have abs become same as Euro Cdns
1.4. Indian Act – 1876
1.4.1. Good
1.4.1.1. medical care
1.4.1.2. schools
1.4.1.3. hunting/fishing
1.4.1.4. treaty payments
1.4.1.5. tax exemptions
1.4.1.6. “special” status
1.4.2. Bad
1.4.2.1. no right to land like others
1.4.2.2. no vote in provincial elections
1.4.2.3. lost “status” if lived off reserve, join military, obtained higher education, or married non-Indian
1.4.2.4. traditional activities outlawed
1.4.2.4.1. no potlatch
1.4.2.4.2. art shipped around NA
1.4.3. Ugly
1.4.3.1. Residential Schools
1.4.3.1.1. govt control education: run by Protestant & Catholic missionaries
1.4.3.1.2. children taken from homes
1.4.3.1.3. abandon language and culture
1.4.3.1.4. some criminally abused
1.4.3.1.5. 1990’s: several found responsible, compensation awarded, lawsuits still pending
1.4.3.2. Education
1.4.3.2.1. by 1930’s 3% went beyond grade 6
1.4.3.2.2. by 1950’s 1/3 beyond grade 3
1.4.3.2.3. 1951, allow to attend public school
2. Suffrage
2.1. 1960’s – win right to vote in federal elections
3. White Paper
3.1. 1969 to address ab. issues
3.2. proposal
3.2.1. abolition of reserves
3.2.2. end to special status for treaty Indians
3.3. solution to ab problems
3.3.1. equality
3.3.2. assimilation
3.4. rejected
3.4.1. “cultural genocide”
3.4.2. met with hostility from
3.4.2.1. NIB- National Indian Brotherhood, represent status Indians
3.4.2.2. Native Council of Canada, represent non-status & Metis
3.5. withdrawn in 1971
4. Land Claims
4.1. Specific Land Claims
4.1.1. signed treaties, terms not accepted
4.1.2. Comprehensive Land Claims
4.1.2.1. based on traditional use
4.1.2.2. never surrendered in treaties
4.2. Office of Native Claims-1974
4.2.1. deal with land rights
4.3. Declaration of First Nations- 1975
4.3.1. self govt
4.3.2. rights of nationhood
4.4. Assembly of First Nations-1980’s
4.4.1. renamed NIB
4.4.2. demand better conditions
5. People
5.1. Archaeological evidence aboriginal people here for 11,000 years
5.2. status Indian
5.2.1. registered Indians
5.2.2. rights under the Indian Act
5.3. non-status Indian
5.3.1. legal status
5.3.2. retain cultural identity
5.4. indian
5.4.1. refers to legislation or status
5.5. first nations
5.5.1. 1990’s term
6. 1990’s
6.1. Protests
6.1.1. Oka-1990
6.1.1.1. Quebec officials to extend golf course to Mohawk claimed land
6.1.1.2. blockades
6.1.1.2.1. 6 months
6.1.1.2.2. police stormed barricades
6.1.1.2.3. army=standoff
6.1.1.3. feds bought land & transfered to Kanesatake First Nations
6.1.2. Gustafsen Lake
6.1.2.1. BC
6.1.2.2. reoccupied land claimed as sacred
6.1.3. Ipperwash
6.1.3.1. Ontario
6.1.3.2. taken during WWII
6.1.3.2.1. never returned
6.1.3.3. occupied
6.2. Meech Lake
6.2.1. opposed by Elijah Harper (Manitoba leader)
6.2.2. believed should have "special status" like Quebec
6.3. Self government
6.3.1. make decisions
6.3.1.1. culture
6.3.1.2. language
6.3.1.3. traditions
6.3.1.4. land/resources
6.3.2. like province relation to fed govt
6.3.3. Manitoba
6.3.3.1. took control of Dept of Indian Affairs
6.3.4. Nisga'a Treaty
6.3.4.1. control
6.3.4.1.1. land
6.3.4.1.2. culture
6.3.4.1.3. family life
6.3.4.2. ownership of 1,900 sq. km
6.3.4.3. $190 million
6.3.5. Nunavut-1999
6.3.5.1. new Cdn territory
6.3.5.2. self-govern
6.3.5.2.1. resources
6.3.5.2.2. education
6.3.5.2.3. justice
6.4. Statement of Reconciliation - 1998
6.4.1. govt policies to assimilate not build strong country
7. Legacy
7.1. inequality
7.1.1. average income on reserve 50% national average
7.1.2. 50% on reserve below poverty line
7.1.3. 60% unemployed or on welfare
7.1.4. 50% houses fully served by sewer/water
7.2. a century of mismanaged fed policy
7.3. what next?
7.3.1. self govt
7.3.2. abolishing reserve system
7.3.3. resolving outstanding land claims