1. 4. Division of Germany in 1949
1.1. Germany's Zonage Division
1.1.1. November-December 1943 - Tephran Meeting
1.1.1.1. Stalin, churchill and roosevelt met during the war
1.1.1.2. Purpose was to find military strategy to end war
1.1.1.2.1. Stalin was threatening a peace treaty with Germany as Britain and USA were slow in opening a second front
1.1.1.3. Churchill used matchsticks to shift the borders of Poland and Germany
1.1.1.3.1. This would keep stalin in the war as it guarenteed him more land
1.1.2. October 1944 - Moscow Meeting
1.1.2.1. Stalin and Churchill present
1.1.2.1.1. Developed the Spheres of Influence
1.1.3. Problems facing Germany in 1945
1.1.3.1. 20% of german housing destroyed
1.1.3.1.1. 10 million displaced
1.1.3.2. Economic ruin of the state
1.1.3.2.1. Trauma of women 1 in 3 being raped by soviets in the east
1.1.4. Yalta Conference February 1945
1.1.4.1. Victory is insight at this point
1.1.4.2. Terms
1.1.4.2.1. Poland is going to have free and fair elections
1.1.4.2.2. USSR was to join the war against Japan
1.1.4.2.3. Germany was to be divided into zones under the allied control council
1.1.5. Potsdam July 1945
1.1.5.1. Roosevelt died in April 1945 replaced by Truman
1.1.5.1.1. Churchill went to potsdam but lost election during the meeting and was replaced by Attlee mid conference
1.1.5.2. The US tested the atomic bomb during the conference and didnt tell stalin
1.1.5.2.1. Led stalin to feel threatened by the test
1.1.5.3. Agreed on the four D's
1.1.5.4. Zones of occupation were confirmed and the German polish border was settled
1.1.5.5. Reparations were agreed
1.1.5.5.1. because of the USSR sacrifice during the war they would receive 25% of the industrial production from the other zones
1.2. 4 D's
1.2.1. Demilitarisation
1.2.1.1. Germanys surrender led to the disbandment of its army
1.2.1.2. West germany was later allowed an army in 1955 and allowed to join NATO
1.2.2. Denazification
1.2.2.1. All 4 zones cooperated in Nuremburg trials november 1945 to october 1946
1.2.2.1.1. 22 individuals and 6 organisations tried
1.2.2.2. Western Zones
1.2.2.2.1. 5000 brought to trial after nuremburg
1.2.2.2.2. West tried to distinguish between levels of nazi support between all former nazi members
1.2.2.2.3. Let off most with a questionnaire
1.2.2.3. Soviet Zone
1.2.2.3.1. 1000 sent to concentration camps
1.2.2.3.2. Nazis were ideological enemies to the soviets
1.2.3. Decentralisation
1.2.3.1. All agreed germanies centralised powers needed to be broken down
1.2.3.1.1. Each zone took differing approaches to this
1.2.4. Democratisation
1.2.4.1. Western Zones
1.2.4.1.1. Re-emergence of political parties from the ground up
1.2.4.2. Soviet zone
1.2.4.2.1. Old KPD and SPD returned to germany from Moscow
1.2.4.2.2. SMAD (military adminsitration)
1.2.4.2.3. 1946 elections held
1.3. Why was Germany divided in 1949 BBPCMD
1.3.1. Ideology
1.3.1.1. Denazification
1.3.1.1.1. West allowed citizens off with a questionnaire and possibly tribunal trials
1.3.1.1.2. West was to blame
1.3.1.1.3. East to blame
1.3.1.2. Truman Doctrine and Marshall aid
1.3.1.2.1. Why was it necessary?
1.3.1.2.2. US was conducting an optional form of imperialism to benefit themselves
1.3.1.2.3. Marshall plan - June 1947
1.3.1.2.4. West to blame
1.3.2. Actions of the West
1.3.2.1. Bizonia
1.3.2.1.1. Harsh winter of 1946/47
1.3.2.1.2. West to Blame
1.3.2.2. Currency Reform 20th June 1948
1.3.2.2.1. West to Blame
1.3.2.2.2. East to Blame
1.3.2.2.3. In 1945 all of the zones were using the same currency, but it was devalueing as the Soviet union was printing more notes
1.3.2.2.4. Western Zones
1.3.2.2.5. Soviet Zone
1.3.2.3. Potsdam
1.3.2.3.1. Testing of the atomic bomb during Potsdam
1.3.2.3.2. West was to blame
1.3.2.3.3. USSR to blame
1.3.3. Actions of the East
1.3.3.1. Berlin Blockade
1.3.3.1.1. First direct conflict between the two countries starting on the 24th June 1948
1.3.3.1.2. Soviets wanted the west to give up their new currency and give them the whole of berlin
1.3.3.1.3. Berlin Airlift
1.3.3.1.4. Significance
1.4. The actual division
1.4.1. West began working on a new constitution for a democratically elected government for west germany
1.4.2. Constitution was adopted in May 1949 with a new capital established in Bonn
1.4.2.1. Elections first took place in August
1.4.3. In October of the same year the soviets quickly drafted a constitution
1.4.3.1. Becoming GDR/DDR
2. 1.Quality of Life During the War
2.1. Impact of bombing
2.1.1. Operation Barbarossa
2.1.1.1. Invasion of the Soviet Union was a turning point in German ecomomy due to high casualties
2.1.1.1.1. Led to more men being drafted and vast quantities of ammunition and equipment was exhausted
2.1.2. Impact On the Economy
2.1.2.1. Air raids began in 1940 and became more intense by 1942
2.1.2.2. Germans were driven to leave cities and move to rural areas having an impact on the workforce
2.1.2.2.1. Total of 600,000 civilian deaths as a result of bombing
2.1.2.3. Hamburg 1943
2.1.2.3.1. Caused a firestorm damaging property and killing 30,000
2.1.2.4. Dresden 1945
2.1.2.4.1. Bombing killing 150,000 and destroying 70% of property
2.1.2.5. Some believe it had little impact on german production levels
2.1.2.5.1. Others believe it prevented production levels from rising any further
2.1.2.6. Industrial destruction and communications disrupted
2.1.2.6.1. Prevented Nazis achieving total war production
2.1.3. Impact On Morale
2.1.3.1. Propaganda was assuring people German was the superior race
2.1.3.1.1. Making it harder to understand the bomb damage and made Germans question whether they were winning
2.1.3.2. Little evidence that bombing brought down morale
2.1.3.2.1. In fact shared suffering brought people together
2.1.3.2.2. As of 1945 most people were still willing to keep fighting
2.2. Total War Economy (1942 - Onwards)
2.2.1. Included
2.2.1.1. 1942 Albert Speer appointed minister of armaments
2.2.1.2. Concentration camp prisoners to be used as workers
2.2.1.3. Women now allowed in to work in armament factoris
2.2.1.3.1. Ending conscription of skilled workers to the army
2.2.1.4. In February 1943 Goebbels called for total war after surrender at Stalingrad
2.2.2. Success
2.2.2.1. First 6 months after Albert speer was appointed tank production rose by 25%
2.2.2.1.1. Ammunition by 97% and total arms production by 59%
2.2.2.2. By august 1944 a threefold increase in war materials compared with 1942
2.2.3. Failure
2.2.3.1. Gauleiters at a local level prevented speers orders from being carried out
2.2.3.1.1. SS exploited conquored land for their own gain rather than war economy
2.2.3.2. Allied bombing prevented further arms production
2.2.3.3. Stalingrad
2.2.3.3.1. Lack of supplied and bitter winter conditions in 1942/43
2.3. War Economy (1939-1942)
2.3.1. Included
2.3.1.1. Decrees for war production
2.3.1.1.1. By 1941 55% of the workforce worked on war related projects
2.3.1.2. Rationalisation Decree in December 1941
2.3.1.2.1. Reform the economy by eliminating committees responsible for particular types of weapon
2.3.2. Success
2.3.2.1. Small increase in production of tanks and planes
2.3.2.1.1. Also were now able to exploit resources in conquored countries
2.3.2.2. Economy is still sustaining the german war effort at this point
2.3.3. Failure
2.3.3.1. Plane production only went from 8000 to 10,500 in June 1941
2.3.3.2. Not ready for invasion of USSR
2.3.3.2.1. Labour shortage due to people away to fight
2.3.3.3. Women made up 37% of the workforce by 1939
2.4. Rationing
2.4.1. In 1939 some food and all clothes were rationed
2.4.1.1. Very limited amount of meat and diary
2.4.1.1.1. Many consumer products like toilet paper, sweets and soap were rationed
2.4.2. Success
2.4.2.1. Shared out resources and freed up resources for the military
2.4.3. Failure
2.4.3.1. As defeat became more likely the government became more chaotic
2.4.3.1.1. Ration cards were no longer honored and people relied on a black market
3. 2.Nazi Racial Policy and the Final Solution
3.1. Between 1933 and 1939
3.1.1. Nazi racial policy was radicalised due to working towards the fuhrer and polycratic state of gov
3.1.1.1. In 1941 the Russian invasion added 3 million more Jews into the 3 million equation added after invading poland
3.2. 1940
3.2.1. Invasion of Poland added 3 million Jews
3.2.1.1. Creation of Ghettoes
3.2.1.1.1. 400,000 in the space of 160,000 (intense overcrowding)
3.2.1.1.2. Poor sanitation, inadequate food supply involving starvation
3.2.1.2. Madagascar Plan
3.2.1.2.1. Plan to ship 3 million Jews to Madagascar
3.2.1.2.2. Plan to trap the jews on the island
3.2.1.2.3. Didnt come to fruition
3.3. 1941
3.3.1. Escalation of the policy due to invasion of Russi adding 3 million more Jews
3.3.1.1. Use of the SS Einsatzgruppen
3.3.1.1.1. Murdered 500,000 Jews via shooting
3.3.1.1.2. Was not an adequate solution and only lasted 2 months
3.3.1.2. Experimentation with Zyklon B
3.3.1.2.1. First extermination camp constructed in 1941 (Chelmno)
3.4. 1942
3.4.1. January 1942
3.4.1.1. Wannsee Conference
3.4.1.1.1. Plans officially drawn up to discuss extermination of Jews 'final solution'
3.4.1.1.2. While desicions were already made by November 1941
3.5. The Final Solution
3.5.1. Role of Hitler
3.5.1.1. Speeches since 1920s contained proto-genicidal language
3.5.1.1.1. He had clear genocidal intent prior to the war
3.5.1.2. Himmler led the establishment of death camps and commissioned einsatzgruppen
3.5.1.2.1. However Hitler ultimatley decided on the final solution
3.5.2. Role of the Polycratic Nazi state and cumulative radicalisation
3.5.2.1. Culture of working towards the fuhrer
3.5.2.1.1. Encouraged Nazi lieutenants to interpret the will of Hitler as a means to benefit their own role
3.5.2.2. Jews did have restrictions prior to the war
3.5.2.2.1. But it was the polycratic state that began confining Jews to ghettoes
3.5.3. Role of the War
3.5.3.1. German invasion of poland led to the 'Jewish Problem'
3.5.3.1.1. due to the sizeable jew population in poland of a bout 3 million
3.5.3.2. Work of the einsatzgrupped had however already began prior to the agreement of the final solution
3.5.3.3. War and invasion of soviet union put strain on German economy
3.5.3.3.1. Hence the cost of feeding Jews in ghettoes was too extensive
4. 3. Opposition and resitance
4.1. Communist Opposition
4.1.1. Formed the Red Orchestra infiltrating the government as spies for the soviet union
4.1.1.1. Transmitted vital information back to the USSR and printed anti-nazi pamphlets
4.1.1.1.1. Destroyed by the Gestapo in 1942
4.2. Army
4.2.1. July Bomb Plot and Operation Valkyrie
4.2.1.1. Included the likes of Colonel von Stauffenburg and General Ludwig Beck
4.2.1.2. Attempted and failed to kill hitler
4.2.1.2.1. Hitler used it as an excuse to round up 7000 opponents and kill 5000
4.3. Youth Opposition
4.3.1. Youth Groups
4.3.1.1. Many joined swing youth or edelweiss pirates
4.3.1.1.1. Because many of the Hitler youth leaders were called to fight
4.3.1.1.2. Activities of the Hitler youth became even more military focussed
4.3.1.2. Swing youth were largely ineffective
4.3.1.2.1. Edelweiss pirates did get directly involved in resistance but their impact was minimal
4.3.1.2.2. 739 youths were arrested, many sent to labour camps
4.3.1.3. White rose
4.3.1.3.1. Led by Hans and Sophie Scholl
4.3.1.3.2. Printed leaflets condemning the regime and encouraging people to not fight
4.4. Elite Opposition
4.4.1. The Elite
4.4.1.1. Kreisau circle
4.4.1.1.1. Made a plan for a new Germany after Hitler
4.4.1.1.2. Effectiveness
4.5. Religious Opposition
4.5.1. Church
4.5.1.1. Bonhoeffer
4.5.1.1.1. Set up confessing church and underground seminaries
4.5.1.1.2. Joined the German resistance
4.5.1.1.3. Arrested in 1942 and hanged in 1945
4.5.1.2. The institutions as a whole did not take any action
5. Consequences of the Second World War
5.1. 4.3 Million German troops killed
5.1.1. 2/3 of men born from 1918 did not survive the war
5.1.2. 350,000- 500,000 German civilians killed in World War 2
5.1.2.1. 20 Million Germans homeless
5.1.2.2. Key industrial cities like Dresden and Berlin were destroyed in bombings
5.2. German agriculture was 35% that of pre-war levels
5.3. Potsdam (July 17th to August 2nd 1945)
5.3.1. US betrayed the trust of the Soviets by testing atomic bomb during the conference
5.3.1.1. Tense power dynamic between the Soviets and the US
5.3.2. Wiston Churchill was voted out during the conference with Clement Attlee taking over mid way
5.3.3. The conference was held to decide what would happen with post-war Germany