1. 3. Birmingham Changes in Housing and Demographics and Urban regeneration
1.1. Post World War Changes in Housing and Demographics
1.1.1. 110,000 considered sub-standard following the war
1.1.2. In the 1950's and 60's over 400 tower blocks constructed
1.1.3. Economy became more service based, public transport improved so people could commute
1.1.3.1. This changed residential land use as people relocatied to peripheral estates
1.1.4. Rising Migration to Birmingham particularily from South Asia and Far East
1.1.4.1. Tended to cluster in cheap housing areas with good access to employment
1.1.4.1.1. Worked service sector jobs like cleaners, taxi drivers etc
1.1.4.2. Resulted in a change in built characteristics
1.1.4.2.1. Religious buildings
1.1.4.2.2. Ethnic clothing and food shops
1.1.5. Median age in Birmingham is 34 compared to 40 in the UK
1.2. Key Players in the Regeneration of Birmingham
1.2.1. Birmingham City Council
1.2.1.1. Constructed the NEC and expansion of Birmingham international airport
1.2.1.1.1. Improves international accessibility and brings significant investment and income into area
1.2.1.2. Birmingham given right to host Commonwealth Games
1.2.1.2.1. £500 million given by government to prepare
1.2.1.2.2. 9000 full time equivalent jobs supported by the games
1.2.1.3. Refurbishment of City Centre
1.2.1.3.1. Many areas refurbished, like Victoria Square
1.2.1.3.2. Council funded £18 million refurbishment of Town Hall
1.2.1.4. Bull Ring
1.2.1.4.1. In the 1960's it was Europes first major indoor shopping area
1.2.2. National Government (Levelling Up)
1.2.2.1. £352 million allocated to Birmingham
1.2.2.1.1. £17 million went to East Birmingham to regenerate derelict areas
1.2.2.1.2. £20 million to improve roads and congestion
1.2.3. Eu Social investment Fund
1.2.3.1. £235 million secured from the fund between 2014 and 2020
1.2.3.1.1. Gone to projects improving insulation in run down social housing
1.2.3.2. International Convention Centre and Symphony Hall partially funded by EU
1.2.3.2.1. A flagship development that attacts international conferences
1.2.3.2.2. Manages the national indoor arena that hosts large sporting events like 2003 indoor athletics championship
1.2.4. University
1.2.4.1. Combined student population of 50,000 contributing to the cities youthful profile
1.2.4.1.1. Economically this brings significant wealth to the area
1.2.4.2. Uni employs a large number of people
1.2.4.2.1. Students provide a market for goods and services
1.2.5. Canal and River Trust
1.2.5.1. Restoration of the environment
1.2.5.1.1. Streets have been pedestrianised with street furniture and trees
1.2.5.2. Cities canals ignored for most of the 1900's
1.2.5.2.1. The trust was set up in 2012 to oversee the canal system
1.2.5.2.2. Local government have also regenerated areas like the £25 million Gas Street Basin project
1.3. Role Of Transport
1.3.1. New Street Railway Station development
1.3.1.1. Key Players
1.3.1.1.1. National/local government
1.3.1.1.2. John Lewis (MNC)
1.3.1.1.3. Network Rail
1.3.1.2. £700 million invested
1.3.1.2.1. Created 1000 new jobs
1.3.2. HS2
1.3.2.1. Key Players
1.3.2.1.1. National/local government
1.3.2.1.2. Community groups and NGO's
1.3.2.2. Planned to cost £20 billion
1.3.2.3. Improve socio economic conditions by stimulating employment growth
1.3.2.3.1. Make Birmingham only 50 mins from London so more attractive to an investor or resident
1.3.3. Birmingham is the hub of the national network
2. 1. Players
2.1. Theory of Players
2.1.1. Individual or organisation with an interest in desicions and actions affecting a place
2.1.1.1. Some might have influence in desicion making
2.1.2. Examples
2.1.2.1. Transnational governments
2.1.2.1.1. EU can influence economic change via grants for infrastructure development
2.1.2.2. National and local government
2.1.2.2.1. Departments responsible for education and training
2.1.2.2.2. Major transport links and environmental management
2.1.2.3. Business
2.1.2.3.1. Generate money and profit on investment
2.1.2.4. Local communities
2.1.2.4.1. Concerns about area
3. 2. Birmingham Key Players
3.1. Key players in Birmingham's development until 1900
3.1.1. First players were the Bermingham family who purchases a royal charter to hold a market there
3.1.1.1. This is still active today
3.1.2. Had a population of 15,000 in early 1700's with people migrating in search of employment
3.1.2.1. Middle class were amongst the inhabitants as they searched for service sector jobs in law and banking
3.1.3. 1761 - Matthew Boulton
3.1.3.1. Set up soho manufactory that employed 700 people in the area
3.1.4. In the 1800's the Jewellery, button and brass industries dominated
3.1.5. Cadbury Family - 1870's
3.1.5.1. Set up bourneville factory and a model village for workers on the outskirt of the city
3.1.6. 1800's lloyds and midlands banks founded in Birmingham
3.1.6.1. As a result of these service jobs the middle class started to increase in population in the area
3.2. Birmingham and Key players from 1900 to 1950's
3.2.1. 1906 Austin car Plant opened in Longbridge
3.2.2. Dunlop Tyre Company
3.2.2.1. Employed 10,000 people by the 1950's
3.2.3. Large areas of terraced housing constructed to cope with rising population due to above industries
3.2.3.1. Inequalities developed between inner and outer city areas, worst being places like Aston
3.2.4. Impacts of this industrial boom
3.2.4.1. Land sites, canals and rivers had high levels of pollution
3.2.4.2. Air pollution reached high levels
3.2.4.2.1. Health impacts
3.3. Key Players in Industrial Decline in Birmingham
3.3.1. Local Authorities and Slum Clearance Schemes
3.3.1.1. Slums caused by manufacturing industries moving out of inner cities
3.3.1.1.1. Clearance schemes resulted in small manufacturing premises still remaining being destructed
3.3.2. International organisations
3.3.2.1. Oil price increase
3.3.2.1.1. 1973 oil crises
3.3.3. Unions
3.3.3.1. Strikes in 1970's for improved wages in Birmingham
3.3.3.1.1. Made the city appear less appealing to incoming car manufacturing industries
3.3.4. National Government
3.3.4.1. Foreign TNC's
3.3.4.1.1. Overseas car factories established in the UK (ie japanese car factories), but government encouraged the companies to look elsewhere