1.1. The study of showing how people’s ways of communicating interact with culture, history, etc.
1.2. "Languages seem to have special characteristics or personalities" (Stanlaw et al., 2).
2. The "Nuts And Bolts"Of Linguistic Anthropology Ii: Structure Of Words And Sentences
2.1. The study of rules and principles for forming sentences in languages.
2.2. "Some languages distinguish nouns according to several genders, each of which may require corresponding forms in pronouns, adjectives, and even verbs" (Stanlaw et al., 73).
3. Communicating Nonverbally
3.1. "... no body movement or facial expression is likely to lack meaning" (Stanlaw et al., 90).
3.2. communication without words
4. The Development And Evolution Of Language
4.1. "There is, in short, no evidence to suggest that human speech is an accumulation of separate skills throughout the long course of evolution" (Stanlaw et al., 127).
4.2. The creation of new words and phrases that have emerged over time
5. Code Switching
5.1. Alternating between two or more languages in conversation.
5.2. “Code mixing and code switching can serve a variety of functions, such as building or reinforcing solidarity among speakers who share these languages” (Stanlaw et al., 154).
6. Language In Variation and Languages In Contact
6.1. "The way individuals speak varies not only according to their regional and social dialects but also according to context" (Stanlaw et al., 181).
6.2. Language Contact occurs along borders as a result of migration. Language in Variation refers to refers to differences of ways a particular language is used.
7. Language in Variation and Languages in Contact
7.1. "The way individuals speak varies not only according to their regional and social dialects but also according to context" (Stanlaw et al., 154-155).
7.2. "The way individuals speak varies not only according to their regional and social dialects but also according to context" (Stanlaw et al., 154-155).
7.3. "The way individuals speak varies not only according to their regional and social dialects but also according to context" (Stanlaw et al., 154-155).
7.4. "The way individuals speak varies not only according to their regional and social dialects but also according to context" (Stanlaw et al., 154-155).
8. Methods Of Linguistic Anthropology
8.1. Ethnographic methods are used to participate in and observe communicative styles and interactions.
8.2. "... the analytical study of ... any language, to reveal its structure-the different kinds of language units... and the rules according to which these units are put together to produce stretches of speech"(Stanlaw et al., 16-17).
9. The "Nuts And Bolts"Of Linguistic Anthropology I: Language Is Sound
9.1. How speech sounds are organized and reveal its meaning.
9.2. "Each language represents a... general language code... NO TWO LANGUAGES ARE ALIKE" (Stanlaw et al., 36).
10. The Development and Evolution of
10.1. Language evolves over time in response to changes.
10.2. "Like all aspects of human condition, language must also have been a product of evolution"(Stanlaw et al., 126).
11. Ethnography Of Communication
11.1. "Languages are seen as fundamentally very much alike but the social uses of speech as quite different from one culture to the next" (Stanlaw et al.,199).
11.2. The analysis of communication within social and cultural practices.
12. Language Through Time
12.1. "Today no members of any society and no speakers of any language are completely isolated from speakers of other languages and dialects, and these contacts between speakers of different languages cause external language changes" (Stanlaw et al.,164).
12.2. Over generations, pronunciation evolves new words are borrowed or invented.
