1. Ukraine - A country where Sovereignty and territorial integrity has been challenged
1.1. Backstory
1.1.1. Political and Ethnic Divisions
1.1.1.1. 77% are ethnically ukranian, 18% are russian, causing outbreaks of pro russian separatism
1.1.1.2. Separatist Conflict in the Donbass
1.1.1.2.1. 55% of people in the donbass are in favour of rejoining russian territory
1.1.1.3. Euromaiden Protests after Yanukovych government failed to sign EU deal
1.1.1.3.1. Led to mass protests and snap elections to elect Poroshenko a pro-west government
1.1.1.4. German invasion of USSR 1941
1.1.1.4.1. Many Ukrainians viewed the Nazi's as liberators from the soviets and helped the Nazi forces
1.1.2. External Threats From Russia
1.1.2.1. 2014 Annexation of Crimea
1.1.2.1.1. Referendum was held 83% turnout 95% of which siding with Russia
1.1.2.2. Russian Invasion of Ukraine
1.1.2.2.1. Following the expansion of European power
1.2. Conflicts
1.2.1. Russian Invasion of Ukraine
1.2.1.1. Impacts
1.2.1.1.1. People
1.2.1.1.2. Place
1.2.1.1.3. Sanctions on Russia
1.2.2. Annexation of Crimea
1.2.2.1. Russia claimed they held a referendum where 83% voted with 95% wanting to side with Russia
1.2.2.2. Russia doesn't have many warm water ports so crimea is essential to their economy
1.2.2.3. After Euromaiden protests and signing of EU deal, Russia was worried their place in Crimea was at threat
1.2.2.3.1. A day later the little green men arrived and erected barricades and siezed government buildings
1.2.2.4. Impacts
1.2.2.4.1. People
1.2.2.4.2. Place
1.2.3. Separatist Conflict in the Donbass
1.2.3.1. Resulted in Ukranian Interim government launching anti-terrorist mission because of infighting between pro-russian insurgence groups in their regions
1.2.3.2. 55% of people in these regions were in favour of rejoining Russian territory
1.2.3.3. After the successful annexation of Crimea the people of Donetsk demanded a referendum of succession from Ukraine (denied)
1.2.3.4. September 2014 Minsk Agreement
1.2.3.4.1. Agreed ceasefire which later broke down later in the same year
1.2.3.4.2. Artillery agreed to back down labelling the war in the Donbass as frozen in 2015
1.2.3.5. Impacts
1.2.3.5.1. People
1.2.3.5.2. Place
2. Factors that influence the erosion of soveriegnty and loss of territorial integrity
2.1. Current Political boundaries
2.1.1. Current system of nation states and defined political boundaries is defined by westphalian model
2.1.1.1. Reinforced by UN charter, but this is challenged by destablising forces interacting to erode westphalian concepts
2.1.2. Contested territory
2.1.2.1. Like Russias annexation of crimea and the UK an argentinian claims over the falklands
2.1.3. Separatism
2.1.3.1. For example claims for secession by basque and catalan national groups in spain
2.1.4. Transnational movement of terrorist activity
2.1.4.1. For example across the turkey syria border where arms smuggling threatens territorial integrity in the two countries
2.1.5. Legacy of Colonialism
2.1.5.1. For example the division of africa where political boundaries enforced by european administration of territory caused ethnic partitioning
2.2. Transnational Corporations
2.2.1. Large coroporate enterprises emanating from ACs which lidcs become reliant on to encourage their development
2.2.1.1. TNC's bring advantages to poor countries, but also disadvantages
2.2.2. Challenges that influence sovereignty
2.2.2.1. TNC's have expanded operations regardless of state boundaries
2.2.2.1.1. Their economic power has meant they control in some ways political desicion making, territory, workforce and the countries environment
2.2.2.2. Business desicions to invest of deinvest affects many lives
2.2.2.2.1. Disrespect for human rights by some TNC's, like child exploitation, low wages, poor conditions
2.3. Supranational Institutions
2.3.1. Represent a tier of governance above a state, like UN and its agencies (IMF) and NATO aswell as trading blocs like the EU, ASEAN, ECOWAS and MERCOSUR
2.3.2. European Union
2.3.2.1. Trading bloc thats both an economic and political union with its own parliament and eurozone
2.3.2.1.1. Has 28 members
2.3.2.2. Impacts on member states membership to the EU can result in
2.3.2.2.1. Benefits of integration that protect states interest
2.3.2.2.2. Member states are however required to implement EU laws and desicions even if they do not vote for them
2.3.2.2.3. Enforced policies limiting soveriegn power
2.3.3. United Nations
2.3.3.1. 193 soverign states in the UN
2.3.3.2. Impacts on member states
2.3.3.2.1. UN and security council have the right to sanction intervention in articles 41 and 42
2.4. Political dominance of ethnic groups
2.4.1. Basque Nation
2.4.1.1. Basque people have a distinctive culture, unique language, and a strong tradition of independance and have long stuggled for independence
2.4.1.2. Violent acts from the French and Spanish have been carried out to end the separatist movement who see them as a threat to sovereign power
2.4.1.2.1. Recent issues involve dispersal of political prisoners in french and spanish prisons including ETA members and basque youth movement