1. CHARITY SUPPORTED REGIONS
1.1. Capital inflow of loans
1.1.1. Unrepayable
1.2. Capital inflow of gifts
1.3. Former homeland capitals who lost status
1.3.1. NO IMPORT REPLACEMENT
1.4. Disproportionate/out of balance with other economic forces
1.4.1. LARGE CAPITAL PROJECTS (MOSTLY UNNECCESARY)
2. TRANSPLANT REGIONS
2.1. ATTRACTING Transplant Industries
2.1.1. Industries that, although developed in cities and city regions, are no longer tethered there
2.1.1.1. LARGE FOCUSED COMPANIES (MULTI-NATIONALS)
2.1.2. Industries who have great freedom to relocate
2.1.3. Industries that seek special advantages
2.1.3.1. Cheap labour
2.1.3.1.1. LOW SKILLS
2.1.3.2. Proximity to raw materials
2.1.3.3. Low environmental regulations
2.1.3.3.1. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
2.1.3.4. Low taxes and subsidies
2.1.4. Does not need symbiotic nests of other producers
2.1.4.1. Therefor their presence does not help in diversification
2.1.4.1.1. CAUSE OF LOW DIVERSIFICATION
2.1.5. Produce very little or narrowly for local economy
2.2. "Parasitic"
2.2.1. Depend on already developed and established companies
2.3. No critical mass
2.3.1. No critical mass of Transplant Industries to diversify and grow the local economy
2.3.1.1. This hardly ever happen
2.3.1.1.1. HARDLY ANY IMPORT REPLACEMENT
3. CLEARANCE REGIONS
3.1. When NEW TECHNOLOGIES to improve rural productivity reaches into regions
3.1.1. Good for skilled workers
3.1.1.1. HIGH SKILLS STAY
3.1.1.2. SOME SECTORS GROW, OTHERS DECLINE
3.1.2. Disastrous for those who become redundant
3.1.2.1. LOW DIVERSIFICATION
3.2. MIRROR IMAGE of Abandoned Regions
3.2.1. Those who remained at work are better off
3.2.1.1. NEW TECHNOLOGIES
3.2.2. Those who became redundant need to leave for distant city jobs
3.2.2.1. LOW SKILLS LEAVE
3.3. To improve EVERYONE'S LOT, processes of "abandonment for city jobs" and "reception of new rural technology" should happen at the same time.
3.3.1. This hardly ever happen
3.3.2. Only happens in city regions
4. ABANDONED REGIONS
4.1. When power of CITY JOBS reaches into distant regions with limited diversification
4.1.1. LOW DIVERSIFICATION
4.1.2. ALL SECTORS DECLINE/STAGNATE
4.2. Attract YOUTH to move to DIVERSE city jobs
4.2.1. YOUTH
4.3. Few local opportunities for youth
4.3.1. NO IMPORT REPLACEMENT
4.4. Those that stay behind have no "TICKET" to get out (Skills)
4.4.1. LOW SKILLS STAY
4.4.1.1. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
4.4.2. UNEMPLOYMENT
4.5. Some left behind find it difficult to leave a "familiar culture"
4.6. People departing have NO EFFECT on the poor economy of the region!!! When they return/visit, it is still the same
4.7. Remittances migrant send "home" only alleviates poverty and do NOTHING to reshape the economy
4.7.1. MIGRANT LABOUR
5. SUPPLY REGIONS
5.1. Narrow specialisation
5.1.1. LOW DIVERSIFICATION
5.2. Normally agricultural and natural goods
5.2.1. AGRI & MINING
5.2.2. SOME SECTORS GROW, OTHERS DECLINE
5.3. Distant markets normally very selective
5.3.1. Will rather diversify their own hinterland
5.3.2. Concerted selectivity of distant city market can cause even less diversity
5.4. Stultification
5.4.1. In some cases supply regions courts distant city markets CAUSING IT'S OWN narrow specialisation ("Dutch disease")
5.4.2. Distant city market CANNOT assist them in economic diversification
6. TRANSPLANT industries
6.1. Sometime transplant separate from cities joining other similar areas
6.2. 5 forces cause them to separate from mesh and take of by themselves
6.3. Joining with SIMILAR strands from other cities
7. Background
7.1. We assume natural resources determine rural areas
7.2. Natural resources merely PERMITS development
7.3. There are other underlaying features
7.4. The economy cannot be deployed like an army
8. 5 Different FORCES from cities at play
8.1. City markets
8.2. City jobs
8.3. City technology
8.4. City work transplanted out of cities
8.5. Power of city capital
9. 5 forces arise within cities because of IMPORT REPLACEMENT
9.1. Enlarges city markets
9.2. Increase city jobs
9.3. Spurs development and use of rural labour saving technology
9.4. Diversifies
9.5. Creates capital
10. Types of cities
10.1. CITY REGIONS
10.1.1. Artifact of the city itself
10.1.2. Boundaries move outward or halt as city economic energy dictates
10.1.3. Not all cities generate city regions
10.1.4. Only possible when REPLACING IMPORTS with local production
10.1.4.1. CONSTANT IMPORT REPLACEMENT
10.1.5. Industries BALANCE their proximity needs with disadvantages (e.g. cost and congestions) of the city
10.1.5.1. Balances are reflected in physical pattern of city region's Industrialisation
10.1.5.1.1. IF ECONOMIC DEPRESSION - CAN CONTRACT BACK TO MAIN CITY
10.1.5.2. Typically cluster thickly on periphery, thinning out with distance
10.1.5.3. Can move, but not far away. depend on nearby producers and customers.
10.2. Cities without city regions
10.2.1. Cultural or administrative capitals
10.2.2. Transportation or depot centres
10.2.3. Very little constant import replacement with local production
10.2.3.1. NO IMPORT REPLACEMENT
10.3. Stagnating cities
10.3.1. No new import replacement with local production
10.3.1.1. NO CONSTANT IMPORT REPLACEMENT
10.4. Declining cities
10.4.1. Transplant industries separate from city
11. ISSUES FOR DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
11.1. DISPLACED people from Abandoned and Clearance Regions
11.1.1. If cities cannot absorb them
11.1.1.1. People sit idle in cities
11.1.1.1.1. UNEMPLOYMENT
11.1.1.2. Either live on welfare or poverty
11.1.2. If they stay behind
11.1.2.1. Cultivating unsuitable land, deforest steep slopes - environmental degradation
11.1.2.1.1. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
11.2. IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY of Rural Workers vs Agricultural HIGH YIELD
11.2.1. High yields and THRIFTY use of productive labor goes hand in hand in agri-economy
11.2.2. In rural areas where as many as 80% of people work the land, most are poor and hungry
11.3. On the use and impact of TECHNOLOGY
11.3.1. Need to lead to DIVERSIFICATION
11.3.2. "Large scale" intervention can lead to "mechanisation poverty"
11.3.3. Where people do not have access to ALTERNATE productive livelihoods, it can become a "curse"
11.3.4. Need to use SMALL and INTERMEDIATE technology!!!! (Schumacher)
11.4. HOMEOSTASIS - Ecological mimicry
11.4.1. The more diversity, the more stability
11.4.2. More diversity, greater number of HOMEOSTATIC FEEDBACK loops and controls for automatic self-correction