1. Definition
1.1. Behaviorism and behavior therapy sprang from scientific efforts to describe, explain, predict, and Control observable animal and human behavior.
1.2. A set of methods or rules that can be applied to treat mental illness
1.3. Systematic research is the foundation on counseling. Research should be constantly conducted , and used as a foundation/proof of treatment methods
1.4. https://ao.ecu.edu.au/COU6501/week2/wk2_%20behavioural_therapy_overview.pdf
1.5. https://www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html
2. B.F. Skinner
2.1. Operant conditioning/instrumental conditioning
2.1.1. behavior which is reinforced (rewarded) will likely be repeated, and behavior which is punished will occur less frequently
2.1.1.1. Neutral operants
2.1.1.1.1. responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated.
2.1.1.2. Punishers
2.1.1.2.1. Responses from the environment that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Punishment weakens behavior.
2.1.1.2.2. Problems with punishment
2.1.1.3. Reinforcers
2.1.1.3.1. Responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforcers can be either positive or negative
2.1.1.3.2. Schedules of Reinforcement
2.2. Skinner box
2.3. Radical Behaviorism
2.3.1. Organisms are born with innate behaviors, recognizes the role of genes and biological components in behavior
2.4. March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990
2.4.1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner
3. First Behvioural Therapy Procedure
3.1. Joseph Wolpe
3.1.1. systematic desensitization
3.1.1.1. As the therapy procedure has evolved, the anxious patient is first trained in progressive muscle relaxation exercises and then gradually exposed imaginally or in vivo to feared stimuli while simultaneously relaxing
3.1.1.2. Forcing the body to experience relaxation/practicing relaxation in the presence of anxiety inducing or otherwise sensitized stimulus
3.1.2. 20 April 1915 – 4 December 1997
3.1.2.1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wolpe
3.2. Arnold Lazarus
3.2.1. Eclecticism
3.2.1.1. integration of laboratory-based scientific procedures into existing clinical and counseling practices
3.2.1.2. No need to separate Behaviourist principles from psychodynamic principles, both and co-exist
3.2.2. 27 January 1932 – 1 October 2013
3.2.2.1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Lazarus
3.3. Stanley Rachman
3.3.1. Contribution involved the application of aversive stimuli to treating what he described as neurotic behavior, including addictions
3.3.1.1. Discouragement in the form of undesirable stimuli as a tool for treating disorders like addiction or other undesirable behaviors
3.3.2. January 19, 1934 – September 2, 2021
3.3.2.1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Rachman
3.4. Therapeutic Model
3.4.1. Observe and assess client maladaptive or unskilled behaviors
3.4.2. Develop hypotheses about the cause, mainte- nance, and ppropriate treatment for maladaptive or unskilled behaviors
3.4.3. Test behavioral hypotheses through the application of empirically justifiable interventions
3.4.4. Observe and evaluate the results of their intervention
3.4.5. Revise and continue testing new hypotheses about ways to modify the maladaptive or unskilled behavior(s) as needed
4. Pros
4.1. Provides clear predictions, explanations can be scientifically tested and supported with evidence.
4.2. Challenged biological determinism
4.3. Emphasizes objective measurement
5. Cons
5.1. Ignores thought processes
5.2. Ignores biology
5.3. Very deterministic
5.4. Experiments conducted in lab conditions (no ecological validity)
5.5. Animals and humans are similar but also vastly different in terms of complexity and rationality/intellect
5.6. Doesn't account for Masking
6. Differences from Psychoanalysis
6.1. Behaviorism and behavior therapy are often considered reactions to unscientific psychoanalytic approaches in psychology
6.2. behaviorists strictly focus on observable phenomena or materialistic concepts
6.3. Therapy techniques derived from scientific research
6.4. All behavior is learned. Even the most complex human behaviors are explained, controlled, and modified using learning procedures.
7. Ivan Pavlov
7.1. Classical Conditioning/Respondent Conditioning
7.1.1. Two stimuli can be linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal
7.1.1.1. If you pair a neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that already triggers an unconditioned response (UR) that neutral stimulus will become a conditioned stimulus (CS), triggering a conditioned response (CR) similar to the original unconditioned response.
7.1.1.1.1. Dogs would salivate at the sound of a bell without the presence of food if exposed to the sound of the bell in the presence of food often enough.
7.1.2. https://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.html
7.2. Spontaneous recovery
7.2.1. Spontaneous recovery occurs when an old response suddenly returns (is recovered) after having been successfully extinguished or counter-conditioned
7.3. 26 September 1849 – 27 February 1936
7.3.1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov
8. John B. Watson
8.1. Methodological Behaviorism
8.1.1. Tabula Rasa
8.1.1.1. The mind is a blank slate at birth
8.2. Classical Conditioning or neobehavioristic mediational SR model
8.2.1. Stimulus generalization
8.2.1.1. Little Albert
8.2.1.1.1. Little Albert was just over 11 months old, the white rat was presented, and seconds later the hammer was struck against the steel bar. After seven pairings of the rat and noise (in two sessions, one week apart), Albert reacted with crying and avoidance when the rat was presented without the loud noise
8.2.1.1.2. Issues with this test/case study
8.2.2. Stimulus discrimination
8.2.2.1. when a conditioned fear response is not elicited by a new or different stimulus
8.2.2.1.1. In the case of Little Albert, stimulus discrimination occurred when Little Albert did not have a fear response when exposed to a fluffy white washrag
8.2.3. Extinction
8.2.3.1. the gradual elimination of a conditioned response. It occurs when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without a previously associated unconditioned stimulus
8.2.3.2. Extinction is not the same as forgetting; instead, it involves relearning that the conditioned stimulus is no longer a signal that precedes the unconditioned stimulus
8.3. January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958
8.3.1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Watson
9. Assumptions
9.1. All behavior is learned from the environment
9.2. Psychology should be seen as a science
9.3. Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events like thinking and emotion
9.4. There is little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and that in other animals
9.5. Behavior is the result of stimulus-response
10. Mary Cover Jones
10.1. Counterconditioning/Deconditioning
10.1.1. Little Peter
10.1.1.1. Prior to the experiments, Little Peter exhibited fear in response to several furry objects, including rabbits, fur coats, and cotton balls
10.1.1.1.1. Jones systematically deconditioned Little Peter’s fear reaction by pairing the gradual approach of a caged rabbit with Peter’s involvement in an enjoyable activity
10.1.2. Replacing the Fear response with a positive response
10.1.3. Social Imitation
10.2. September 1, 1897 – July 22, 1987
10.2.1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cover_Jones