1. If a woman cheated on her husband, the woman would be killed but the man she cheated with would be set free with no consequences.
2. Farming was further developed in the Shang period. Although bronze instruments were available, farmers still depended on stone and wood tools. Among the crops grown were rice, wheat, millet and corn. People began to raise domestic animals such as cows, sheep, horses, chickens, dogs and pigs
3. Geography and Agriculture
3.1. Sumerian
3.1.1. After 8000 BCE Near Eastern (surrounding conditions) become much more attractive for human settlements. The Atlanticum is the period in which farming developed in the Near East, around the Nile in Egypt and in the Indus valley in India
3.1.2. The use of farming is expanding slowly further to the north and west. The Atlanticum is followed by a climate of lower temperature and (rain, snow, etc.). One of the relative cold and dry periods (4000-3000 BCE) happens at the same time as the (act of something getting bigger, wider, etc.) of cities in Mesopotamia and the foundation of the first Egyption (period of time with the same powerful family rulers).
3.2. Shang Dynasty
4. Social Structure and Family Life
4.1. Sumerian
4.1.1. Had a upper class, middle/"freeman" class, and slavery. Nobles, priests, government officials and warriors made up the upper class while the middle class was made up of merchants, traders, and artisans.
4.1.2. Women were not free, men dominated women (often by brute force).
4.1.3. If a husband died, the widow was under the control of her husbands father or brother. Unless she had a grown son, then she would be under his control.
4.2. Shang Dynasty
4.2.1. The order of social classes are king and aristocracy, military, artisans and craftsmen, peasants.
4.2.2. The oldest male of the family was the head of the household.
4.2.3. Children were required to be respect, obedient, and to never argue (if they did ever argue they were severely punished).
4.2.4. If one person of a family did something wrong the whole family was disgraced and punished.
5. Government and Leaders
5.1. Sumerian
5.1.1. The Sumerians were known to have made the first City-States. They had a special building in the middle of their city-states called Ziggurats. Ziggurats were a place of worship, and most of these city-states were controlled by a leader which usually being a priest.
5.1.2. They followed the code of Hammurabi. This code was to maintain a strict justice system.
5.2. Shang Dynasty
5.2.1. The Shang Dynasty's government system was a monarchy, meaning there was one king that was also the judge. No one wanted to argue with the king. Arguing with the king would result in death.
5.2.2. The state of Yin was the center of their world, all other states and communities - either friendly or hostile - belonged to the various regions. They were called fang (usually meaning hostiles)
6. Science and Technology
6.1. Sumeria
6.1.1. Many people in charge credit them with the invention of the wheel and the potter's wheel. Their very old-style writing writing system was the first we have evidence of (with the possible exception of the highly argued Old European Script), pre-dating Egyptian (writing with pictures) by at least seventy five years.
6.1.2. Einkorn and Emmer wheat, grain-related, sheep (starting as mouflon) and (cows, bulls, etc.) (starting as wild ox) were best among the species helped grow and raised for the first time on a grand scale. These inventions and inventions of new things easily place the Sumerians among the most (showing the ability to create interesting new things) cultures in human pre-history and history.
6.2. Shang Dynasty
6.2.1. While bronze casting was invented at the begin of the 2nd millennium BCE, the Shang period with the cultures of Erligang, Panlongcheng, Yin, and others, was the first time when bronze casting was industrialized and bronze tools and ritual bronze vessels were produced in royal workshops.
6.2.2. From Shang times on until the twentieth century, today even sometimes used in art, the cyclic lunar calendar was the instrument to date every event. It is composed of two different cylces, the ten Heavenly Stems.
7. Arts and Education
7.1. Sumeria
7.2. Studies consisted of rote learning of complex grammar and practice at writing. They were encouraged with praise, and failure was punished with lashes from a stick or cane.
7.3. Obliged to work hard at their studies from dusk till dawn. Not believing or having a concept of change , there was no teaching about the future of humankind.
7.4. In early civilization in sumeria, education took place in temples. Later that changed and children of affluent families had education apart from the temples that the families had paid for. Most students who attended were male.
7.5. `
7.5.1. The area of southern Mesopotamia from 4000 B.C.E to 2000 B.C.E was prone to violent weather conditions and prone to floods. The conditions made the Sumerians very religious. Religion provided a reason for sense and order, so much art was created in religious themes. things were usually made from shell, lapis lazuli, limestone and gold.
7.6. Shang Dynasty
7.6.1. earliest bronzes where made by the piece mold casting method. advantages of this method were that you could carve or stamp out decorative patterns directly on the inner surface
7.6.2. Distinct characteristics images of shang dynasty bronze vessels is called taotic.. The attribute of this animal like mask is a prominent pair of eyes often protruding in high relief.
7.6.3. Written language was seen as engravings on turtle shells. An orical language that developed was later evolved into characters used in Chinese language.
8. Economy and Trade
8.1. Sumeria
8.1.1. Jobs included pottery makers, stone - cutters, bricklayers, metal smiths, farmers, fishers, shepherds, weavers, leather-workers, and sailors.
8.1.2. The wheel was invented for carts, chariots, and pottery making, and Iron was smelted about 2500 BC.
8.2. Shang Dynasty
8.2.1. They started the use of slaves, but slaves in China were in most cases state-owned and worked for the state, while in ancient Rome and the Western medieval world slaves were in a high degree privately owned.
8.2.2. They had workshops that were staffed with laborers that crafted bronze tools, or vessels or instruments.