Post US Civil War

1. The Jim Crow Laws

1.1. The Jim Crow Laws operated in southern and border states.

1.2. Under these laws, African Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens

1.3. The whites were superior to the blacks in all important ways such as intelligence, morality, and civilized behavior.

1.4. These laws excluded blacks from public transport and facilities, juries, jobs, and neighborhoods.

2. Federal Housing Act 1930

2.1. People's tax dollars were used.

2.2. Whites received the higher ratings; the net worth of white families grew

2.3. Whites moving to the suburbs were being subsidized in accumulation of wealth while the blacks were being divested.

2.4. Whites were given access to property, title, and wealth, but blacks weren't.

3. Reconstruction

3.1. The Reconstruction Act divided the south into 5 military districts.

3.2. The Reconstruction amendment prohibited states from denying "the equal protection of the laws" to the U.S. citizens which included former slaves.

3.3. Reconstruction ended because of taxes and because white southerners could not accept African Americans exercising basic civil rights.

4. The Spanish American War and the U.S. War with Mexico

4.1. The Spanish-American War led to permanent effects on foreign affairs.

4.1.1. it affected the role of foreign policy

4.1.2. Because of the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine, the U.S. blamed the Spanish

4.1.3. This led to the dominance in the Pacific

4.2. The Spanish American War: the U.S. sought to expand their territory and gain control over areas such as Cuba

4.3. Mexican American War: the U.S. fought the Mexicans over the Texas territory being heavily influenced by "Manifest Destiny"

5. Becoming "White" in the U.S.

5.1. The Irish were referred to as "niggers turned inside out" also known as the "Smoked Irish".

5.2. The Irish had to earn their way into being considered white.

5.3. The Irish decided to embrace whiteness.

5.4. Jews had to conform to the gender norms of the dominant culture.

5.5. The GI Bill helped with the process of the Jews becoming white. Also urban renewal was part of the process of the Jews becoming white.