1. Tissues of mammalian gas exchange
1.1. Cartilage
1.1.1. Structural support
1.1.2. Prevents collapse
1.2. Cilia
1.2.1. Waft mucus up airway to back of throat
1.3. Goblet cells
1.3.1. Produce mucus
1.3.2. Traps particles/pathogens in airways
1.4. Smooth muscle
1.4.1. Involuntary contraction/relaxation of airways
1.5. Elastic fibres
1.5.1. Allows repeated contraction/relaxation of airways without damage
2. Ventilation in mammals
2.1. External intercostals
2.1.1. Inspiration
2.1.1.1. CONTRACT
2.1.2. Expiration
2.1.2.1. RELAX
2.2. Diaphram mm.
2.2.1. Inspiration
2.2.1.1. CONTRACT
2.2.2. Expiration
2.2.2.1. RELAX
2.3. Diaphram
2.3.1. Inspiration
2.3.1.1. FLATTEN
2.3.2. Expiration
2.3.2.1. ARCHES
2.4. Ribs
2.4.1. Inspiration
2.4.1.1. UP + OUTWARDS
2.4.2. Expiration
2.4.2.1. DOWN + INWARDS
2.5. Volume
2.5.1. Inspiration
2.5.1.1. INCREASE
2.5.2. Expiration
2.5.2.1. DECREASE
3. Breathing Rate
3.1. Breaths per minute
4. Oxygen Uptake
4.1. Oxygen volume inhaled per unit time
4.2. Measured using spirometer
4.3. Spirometer
4.4. Chamber with oxygen floating on water
4.5. Inhalation = chamber sinks
4.6. Exhalation = chamber rises
4.7. Carbon dioxide exhaled absorbed by soda lime
4.8. CO2 exhaled = O2 inhaled
5. Bony Fish
5.1. Gas exchange
5.1.1. Gills absorb oxygen/ release carbon dioxide
5.1.2. Gills are covered by operculum
5.1.3. Gill filaments folded into Lamellae
5.2. Ventilation
5.2.1. Buccal cavities generate waves
5.2.2. Maintains concentration gradient over gills
6. Insect
6.1. Gas exchange
6.1.1. Open circulation: no blood
6.1.2. Trachea branch out as spiracles
6.1.3. Gas exchange with air by diffusion
6.2. Ventilation
6.2.1. Large insects do so with body movements