1. Sociological Perspectives Ch4
1.1. Sociology: Understanding how social aspirations and fears force people to ask questions about the societies and culture in which they live.
1.1.1. The Societal level includes the most general levels of society such as its political and economic systems, level of development, and system of social stratification.
1.1.2. The Institutional level includes family, schools, churches, business, government and media.
1.1.3. The Interpersonal includes all the processes, symbols interactions within such organizations such as face to face interactions, gestures and rituals.
1.1.4. The Intrapsychic which includes the individual thoughts, beliefs, values and feelings which are shaped by societies institutions.
1.2. Three Theoretical Perspectives
1.2.1. Functional poses that society is best when a consensus rules. Education creates the moral unity for social cohesion and harmony. Conflict is a breakdown of shred values.
1.2.2. Conflict poses that influential groups impose their will on subordinate groups.
1.2.3. Interactional poses that society develops as a result of interactions between students and teachers.
1.2.4. Conflict- schools are oppressive and students are rebellious. They are forced to attend. College degrees are primarily status symbols and do not indicate actual achievement. Where you go to school can determine your success more than achievement.
1.3. The Current Educational Crisi
1.3.1. One third of children are at-risk of failing.
1.3.2. One fourth of preschool children live in poverty.
1.3.3. Fifteen million are reared by single mothers.
1.3.4. How can schools help students to be successful members of society when they start out at such a disadvantage?
1.4. Question 1
1.4.1. 1. Functional poses that society is best when a consensus rules. Education creates the moral unity for social cohesion and harmony. Conflict is a breakdown of shred values.
1.4.2. 2. Conflict poses that influential groups impose their will on subordinate groups.
1.4.3. 3. Interactional poses that society develops as a result of interactions between students and teachers.
1.5. Question 2.
1.5.1. 1. Knowledge and Attitudes: The higher the social class of a student the higher level of educational achievement. Differences between schools is not a significant impact. Academically oriented schools have higher levels of student achievement.
1.5.2. 2 4.Teacher Behavior: Teachers may have as many as 1000 interactions with students on a daily basis. Teacher expectations directly influence student achievement. Self-fulfilling prophecy has a direct impact on student success. The more teachers demanded from their students results in higher student self esteem and success. .
1.5.3. 3.Student Peer Groups and Alienation: Rebellious students and violence in schools. Nerds, coolness and athletes. Four major types of college students includes; Careerists which are middle and upper middle class and do not have a good college experience. Intellectuals come from highly educated families, earned academic honors, and are politically motivated. Strivers come from middle and lower class hard workers and did not have great academic success but had a sense of accomplishment with their degree. The Unconnected came from all backgrounds and did not participate or achieve any success and were dissatisfied.
1.5.4. 4. Education and Inequality: American society resembles a triangle where most people are at the base. The top 20% in the U.S. possess 75% of the wealth. The top 2% of the world possess 80% of the wealth. Are social classes perpetuated by society and schools?
1.5.5. 5. Gender Biases: Men are still paid more for equivalent jobs. Academics are leveling between the sexes. Schools are still perpetuating gender inequalities.
2. Philosophy of Education Ch5
2.1. Question: Pragmatism
2.1.1. Generic Notation
2.1.2. Pragmatism encourages people to find processes that work to achieve their desired outcome. Ex. Problem – speculative thought – action - results
2.1.3. Key Resources
2.1.4. John Dewey, George Sanders Pierce, William James, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Learning through experience (experiential learning.“What is practical has meaning and value”. The approach to learning is by scientific inquiry.
2.1.5. Goal of Education
2.1.6. The goals of education can include: to help educate students further, to help students become a productive member of society, to help students learn how to work together, and to help the students learn about the value of culture. The basic goal of education is to help students exceed their expectations of their academic and behavioral ability. One of the huge goals of education is to help form and mold students into becoming a productive and helpful member of their society. Education also benefits involve student in group work and prepare them to be able to collaborate and socialize in a group as an adult. Another goal of education is to aid students in acknowledging the value of their culture and what they can learn for our history.
2.1.7. Role of Teacher
2.1.8. The roles that are given to a teacher are to be a source of knowledge, to be a role model, to guide and counsel, and to be a facilitator. A teacher should be a source of knowledge for students to be able to understand and answer any question that they have about the materials discussed. Teachers should also be a role model for students to look up to and based their behavior on. To some students, teacher act as guides and counselors that can help them through rough times they are going through, both academically and physically. Another role that teachers play is the role of a facilitator. Teachers can be a facilitator of instruction, which means that they can show students how to do things step by step and what is accepted in the classroom. Teachers are also facilitators of developmental growth, so they give them help with their maturity level by using discipline and rewards.
2.1.9. Method of Instruction
2.1.10. Different teacher have different method of instruction which include hands-on projects, Short-term and long-term projects, group and individual projects, lecturing, and research projects. Some teachers prefer hand-on project like experiments and field trip that help put an image and physical contact with what they are learning. Another method of instruction and be how long you want a project to last. Some student work better and understand better with a short-term project rather than a long-term project and vice versa. Teachers also in group and individual work as a good method of instruction. Some students may prefer working with other in small groups while other would rather work by themselves with a worksheet or study guide. In some cases lecturing is used as an instructional method; however, lecturing is not a method of instruction that is very effective if it is over used.
2.1.11. Curriculum
2.1.12. The curriculum is filled with different types of information that needs to be taught like the four core subjects (Math, English, History, and Science), Character Ed and life skills, physical education, and the arts. The four core subjects are essential in laying the foundation for students’ academic level to excel. I believe that history is starting to fade in the curriculum and teachers are focusing more on reading and writing instead. Character education and life skills are a huge part in the curriculum, because it is not only helping students become people who know how to behave and act in social settings, but it also shows them the basic skills in life like balancing a check book and acknowledging the cost of living. Physical education plays a main part in showing students how being physically healthy can help them mentally. Art is part of the curriculum because it helps student express what they are passionate for, and gives them motivation for what they want to be when they grow up and motivation to attend school.
3. Schools as Organizations Ch6
3.1. The Structures of U.S. Schools
3.2. Those powers not mentioned in the constitution are explicitly delegated to the states. Each state is responsible for education.
3.3. The U.S. Department of Education was created in 1970.
3.4. The average elementary school has 450 students. High schools have 856.
3.5. Summative evaluations are like hands on teats. It has an quantitative value.
3.6. Formative evaluations are projects that show every thing you do.
3.7. Question 1
3.7.1. Federal Level- Senators-Luther Strange and Richard Shelby. Representatives- Robert Aderholt. local Level- Senator- Paul Bussman Representatives- Corey Harbison, Randall Shedd, and Ed Henry . State Superintendent- Ed Richardson. Local Superintendent- Shane Barnett. Local bard members- Gene Sullins, Mike Graves, Heath Allbright, Kenny Brockman, Jason Speegle, Chris Carter, Wayne Myrex
3.8. Question 2.
3.8.1. School Processes and Cultures
3.8.1.1. Schools are separate social organizations because; They have definitive populations, They have political structures. They represent a multitude of social groups. They are prevailed by the “we feeling”. They have their own special culture.
3.8.1.2. Teachers are in conflict with students. Curriculum v. social goals of students. Administrators and teachers are in conflict. Structure v. teaching. Communities are in conflict with administration. Studies show that the principal establishes the goals levels of academic and social expectations and the effectiveness of disicipline.
3.8.1.3. Effecting change in schools is difficult at its minimum. Bureaucracies control everything focusing on rules, regulations and conformity. Bureaucratic rationality suppress creativity. Changing a school culture requires patience, skill and good will. “Schools of Tomorrow…Today Project” in New York City Schools focuses on child-centered teaching.
3.8.1.4. Changing a school; Conflict is a necessary part of change. New behaviors must be learned. Team building must extend to all parts. Process and content are interrelated.
4. Curriculum & Pedagogy Ch7
4.1. Society influences the curriculum Formal curriculum – what is cognitively taught (subjects) Informal or Hidden curriculum – taught but not obvious to sight Null curriculum – what is not taught but is learned (values of the community)
4.2. Idealists say we should teach the great works of mankind
4.3. Teach math, science, reading, history, foreign languages and emphasize the influence of western civilization.
4.4. Conservatist say we should return to a humanist foundation
4.5. Question 1
4.5.1. I would choose to advocate for Social Efficiency because it is important for students to know what to do in life to create a better society for themselves and others. Social Efficiency Curriculum advocates say that we should reflect and teach what is important for society to be functional and productive.
4.6. Question 2
4.6.1. The two dominant ways of teaching are Mimetic and Transformative approaches to teaching. Mimetic is conservative and says that there is a basic core of knowledge to be learned by all. Transformative says that students needs should be the main focus of the curriculum.
5. Equality of Opportunity Ch8
5.1. Question1
5.1.1. Class Schools represent the middle and upper class. Parental income is directly related to educational achievement and test performance. P. 342
5.1.2. Race Race has a direct impact on how much educational attainment a person achieves. Minorities do not receive the same educational opportunities as white Americans. P. 343
5.1.3. Gender In the last twenty years significant gains have been made to equalize gender educational and professional attainment. Disparities still exist in education and job salaries. P. 343
5.2. Question 2
5.2.1. Private school students outperform public school students. Differences in schools do make a difference. The difference is in how much more demanding private schools are of their students. P. 368
5.2.2. Where a student attends school is often related to race and socioeconomic background. The racial and socioeconomic composition of a school has a greater impact on student outcomes than an individual's race or socioeconomic status. P. 369
6. Educational Inequality Ch9
6.1. Question 1
6.1.1. Conflict Theorists support the idea that student success is affected by their environment.
6.1.2. Interactionists Theorists support that student success is determined by a combination of factors such as family, social class schools and environment.
6.2. Question 2
6.2.1. School Financing p. 428
6.2.2. Effective Schools p. 431
6.2.3. Between School Differences p. 433
6.2.4. Curriculum and Pedagogic
6.2.5. Within School Differences p. 434
6.2.6. Curriculum and Ability Grouping p. 434-436
7. Educational Reform Ch10
7.1. Question 1
7.1.1. School Choice
7.1.2. Charter Schools
7.1.3. Tuition Vouchers
7.1.4. Intersectional Choice Plans (public to private)
7.1.5. Intrasectional Choice Plans (any public school in district)
7.2. Question 2
7.2.1. State Takeovers
7.2.2. Where you are born or live determines your advantage for a good education.
8. History of U.S. Education Ch3
8.1. Schooling Reform
8.1.1. School's/ Education's Responsibility
8.1.1.1. Schooling and Educations Responsibility: Schooling has historically been in response to the uncertainty that family, church, or community could not provide the necessary tools needed to meet the needs of a literate person in a democratic society. The school serves as the focal point for addressing societal issues. There is little consensus on motives for school reform.
8.1.2. Colonial Era
8.1.2.1. Colonial Era:Old Deluder Satan Law 1647
8.1.2.2. Education in the South was mainly intended for upper class (plantation owners).p. 66
8.1.2.3. Massachusetts School Law of 1647
8.1.3. The Rise of the Common School
8.1.3.1. Jefferson supported public education to further the success of the U.S.
8.1.3.2. Horace Mann lobbied to create the first state board of education. (created in 1837 in Mass.)
8.1.3.3. Normal schools were created for teacher education. (Mass 1839)
8.1.3.4. Public education was for public stability and social mobility
8.1.4. Public Education
8.1.4.1. Morrill Act est. land grants in each county and state for public education. (1862) p.68
8.1.4.2. Women were educated for domestic purposes.
8.1.4.3. Slaves were not educated with the exception of a few northern states that had special schools for African Americans.
8.1.4.4. The first public university to admit women was the University of Iowa in1856. p.69
8.1.5. Four Themes for High School Purposes in 1875. Tension between classical subjects such as Latin and Greek versus science and math, etc. College entrance requirements due to so many disparities in entrance requirements. High School students should be prepared for life not college. All students should follow the same courses of study regardless of need for further education. The Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education p. 73
8.1.6. Urbanization and the Progressive Impetus
8.1.6.1. Industrial revolution caused the need for educated workers. Gap between rich and poor widened.
8.1.6.2. Cities contained enormous amounts of uneducated people thus dividing the social classes even more.
8.1.6.3. John Dewey, the father of modern education
8.1.7. Curriculum supports the needs of the child and thus gives knowledge/insight to human history and promotes impetus for change and betterment of society. P.71 John Dewey-Progressivism Embryonic Society miniature communityDewey’s philosophy is the reason we have vocational schools.
8.1.8. Progressive Movement
8.1.9. The Committee of Ten:The Committee of Ten was created by the National Education Association which was chaired by Harvard University president, Charles Elliot.
8.1.10. Laws That Affeted education
8.1.10.1. Equality and Equity p.76
8.1.10.2. Civil Rights Act 1963
8.1.10.3. Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896 p. 77
8.1.10.4. Brown v. Topeka Board of Education 1954
8.1.10.5. Macon vs Lee 1971
8.2. Question 1: I believe The Rise of the Common School has one of the biggest influences on education. Jefferson supported the public education to further the success of the U. S.. He supported public education so that everyone who voted would be able to read and make an informed vote based off of what they know, and not what they are told.
8.3. Question 2 : Democratic- Liberal School- This type of interpretation of U.S. education focuses on progressivism. This type of teaching helps expand learning opportunities for every child, including those who do not choose to go to college. The Common School Era was a played a big part in helping in democratic movements.
9. Politics of Education Ch2
9.1. Perspectives: Conservative, Liberal, Radical, Neo-Liberal
9.1.1. Purpose of Schooling: Intellectual – cognitive skills in math, reading, science , history, language Political – to indoctrinate people into a particular order of patriotism Social – to help people be socialable, productive members of society Economic – prepare students for their occupation
9.1.1.1. 1. Career Preparation, social productivity, Learn cognitive Skills, and to learn about different roles in a classroom.
9.1.2. Purpose of Schooling/ Education-Society's ability to transmit knowledge, skills, values. What type of society do we wish to have? What constitutes the “good life” and a “good person”? Pages 21-22
9.1.3. Your Political Perspective: Where Do Your Stand?-Competition is good. Every person determines their outcome. Every person is responsible for their outcome. Economically free markets best serve people. Individuals make their own future and determine their own success. Individuals make society.
9.1.3.1. 1. The role of the school is to provide a safe and encouraging place for children to learn, socialize, and figure out who they want to be. 2. I believe that everyone learns in different ways and at different speeds, so no I do not think that a teacher should stop everyone else from excelling, But I do think that a teacher should take notice in a child who is slower than the rest and find ways to encourage and motivate them. 3. There are always going to be educational problems because everyone does not agree with everyone. education problems can include: Teacher motivation, children who can not catch up, and many more.
9.1.4. Your Political Perspective: Where Do you Stand?- Capitalism and free economies must be kept in check. Governments must intervene to insure equality in education and economies. Governments must address societal issues. Economies unregulated cause unfair distribution of wealth and opportunities. Educational opportunities must be equal across the nation, states and communities.
9.1.5. Your Political Perspective: Where Do You Stand?-Government should be able to provide all citizens with a minimally acceptable standard of living. Capitalism and free economy is the root of the educational problems. Problems in education and economy are causes of social disorder and social class perpetuation. Issues must be address at the social class level not the individual.
9.1.6. Three Main Political Perspectives- Explain the three main political perspectives concerning education according to the following: 1.Conservative 2.Liberal 3.Radical 4.Neo-Liberal -The role of the school -Explanations of unequal educational performance Definition of educational problems Educational policy and reform The American Dream
10. Limits and Promises of Education Ch1
10.1. Educational Problems- The Achievement Gap, Crisis in Urban Education, Decline in Literacy, Assessment Issues
10.1.1. Achievement Gap- 1. Elementary Secondary Education Act of 1965 2. Tried to erase discrepancies in opportunities 3. NCLB re-established these efforts in 20014. Because of testing, teaching gaps have widened 5. Causes are due to funding, environment, teacher quality, parents,etc...
10.1.2. Crisis in Urban Education- 1. Demographic Trends 2. Social Stratification 3. Socioeconomic/ Academic Achievement 4. Inequalities in School Systems 5. School Choice is an Issue
10.1.3. Decline in Literacy- 1. Basic Skills of Fundamentals 2. Teaching to the test 3. Pass them on due to age and no place to go 4. Schools become Overcrowded 5. Raising Academic Standards (for whom)
10.1.4. Assessment Issues- 1. Teaching to the test 2. Authentis/True Assessments Questions to ask ourselves: 1. What Have We Measured 2. How Do We Use our Data? 3. What does The Curriculum Look Like?
10.2. The Four Elements of Foundations of Education- History of Education, Philosophy of Education, Politics of Education, Sociology of Education
10.2.1. History of Education-Our Purpose then; To read the Bible to save our souls( Old Deleuter Act 1642) Our Purpose Now Transmit culture Prepare for a global economy Prepare for the workforce Become a productive citizen Become a social citizen Pursuit of happiness Pursuit of freedom Pursuit of knowledge Pursuit of life
10.2.2. Philosophy of Education- Questions to ask yourself; How will you teach? What is in the curriculum? Who are you as a teacher ? Who are your students? What does your classroom look like? How will you assess students?
10.2.3. Politics of Education-How democratic are our schools? Who is involved in the decision making? What determines our curriculum? What role does special interests groups have? Business Labor unions Colleges World events Religion
10.2.4. Sociology of Education- Are schools a reflection of our society/community? How does the impact of social expectations drive decision making socially? Are schools perpetuating the social class/community it serves?