4.1. Effects on Learning Li & Ma (2010) Delen & Bulut (2011) Gulek & Demirtas (2005) Kposowa & Valdez (2013) Means (2010) Lei & Zhao (2007)
4.2. Need for Further Study: Poverty and Standardized Testing Question: Should web-based standardized tests be considered discriminatory towards students in high poverty areas?