1. GI system
1.1. Age related changes
1.1.1. Decreased taste sensation
1.1.1.1. Less taste of salt=increased amount added/ used with foods
1.1.2. Decreased esophageal motility
1.1.3. Atrophy of intestines
1.1.4. Increased risk of aspiration, indigestion, constipation
1.1.5. Gastric changes
1.1.5.1. Alters drug absorption
1.1.5.2. GERD
1.1.5.3. Maldigestion
1.1.5.4. NSAID ulcers
1.1.6. Decreased appetite
1.1.6.1. Reduced food intake
1.1.6.1.1. Weight loss
1.2. Abnormal
1.2.1. Hiatal hernia
1.2.2. Esophageal cancer
1.2.3. Ulceration
1.2.3.1. Indigestion
1.2.4. Colon cancer
1.2.4.1. Bloody stools
1.2.4.2. Constipation
2. Musculoskeletal system
2.1. Age related changes
2.1.1. Shortening of intervertebral disk
2.1.1.1. Shorter vertebrae
2.1.2. Reduced muscle mass
2.1.2.1. Less muscle movements
2.1.2.2. Decreased muscle strength
2.1.3. Impaired calcium absorption
2.1.4. Less bone mass and vitamin/ mineral absorption
2.2. Abnormal
2.2.1. Frailty syndrome
2.2.1.1. Weakness
2.2.1.2. Muscle wasting
2.2.1.3. Instability
2.2.1.4. Less endurance
2.2.1.5. Occurs 20-30% elders
2.2.2. Sarcopenia
2.2.2.1. Increased risk of disability of falls and unstable gait
2.2.2.1.1. Broken hips, wrists, shoulders
2.2.3. Arthritis
2.2.3.1. Osteoarthritis
2.2.3.2. Rheumatoid
2.2.3.3. Osteoporosis
2.2.3.4. Gout
3. Endocrine/Immune system
3.1. Age real aged changes
3.1.1. Slowed immune system
3.1.1.1. Increased risk of infection
3.1.1.2. Reduced antibodies response
3.1.2. Thinning of skin
3.1.3. Decreased langerhans cells
3.1.4. Decreased circulation
3.1.5. Immunizations
3.1.5.1. Inactive only
3.1.5.2. Healthy
3.1.5.3. Pneumococcal/ flu vaccine yearly 65+yo
3.2. Abnormal
3.2.1. Diseases
3.2.1.1. Diabetes
3.2.1.1.1. Type 2
3.2.1.2. Thyroid abnormalities
3.2.1.2.1. Hashimoto syndrome
3.2.1.3. HIV
3.2.1.3.1. A, B, C
3.2.1.4. Common manifestations
3.2.1.4.1. Fever
3.2.1.4.2. Chills
3.2.1.4.3. Pain
3.2.1.4.4. Delirium
4. Urinary system
4.1. Age related changes
4.1.1. Decreased renal blood supply
4.1.2. Decreased glomerular filtration rate
4.1.3. Reduced men sperm count/ menopause in women
4.1.3.1. Atrophy of Fallopian tubes
4.1.3.2. Atrophy of testies
4.1.4. Decreased bladder capacity
4.1.4.1. Increased urinary frequency
4.1.4.2. Increased urgency
4.1.4.3. Nocturia
4.2. Abnormal
4.2.1. Incontinence
4.2.2. UTIs
4.2.2.1. Pyelonephritis
4.2.2.2. Cystitis
4.2.3. Cervical cancer women/ benign prostatic hypertrophy men
4.2.3.1. Enlargement of prostate blocks urinary pathway
4.2.3.1.1. Most common cancer in men
4.2.4. Renal disease
5. Integumentary system
5.1. Age related changes
5.1.1. Hair
5.1.1.1. Thins
5.1.1.2. Turns grey/ white
5.1.2. Decreased tissue elasticity
5.1.2.1. Droopy eyes
5.1.2.2. Lengthening of ears
5.1.2.3. Increased chin fat/ roll
5.1.3. Wrinkles
5.1.4. Decreased body fat
5.2. Abnormal
5.2.1. Pruritus
5.2.2. Pitting edema
5.2.3. Purpura
5.2.4. Venous insufficiency
5.2.4.1. Pooling of blood in extremities
5.2.4.2. Inability of blood to return to the heart
5.2.5. Skin tears
5.2.6. Pressure ulcers
6. Physical appearance
6.1. Posture
6.1.1. Kyphosis
6.1.1.1. Forward curvature of spin
6.2. Height
6.2.1. Shortened stature
6.2.1.1. Less carilage
6.2.1.2. Shorter vertebrae
6.2.1.3. Tissue changes
6.2.1.3.1. Less elastic
6.3. Medication
6.3.1. Polypharmacy
6.3.2. Extended drug half-lives
6.3.2.1. Decrease liver function
6.3.2.2. Decrease renal function
6.3.3. Altered pharmacodynamics
6.3.3.1. Increase myocardial sensitivity
6.3.3.2. Increased nerve receptors
7. Reproductive System
7.1. Age related changes
7.1.1. Thinning of cervix
7.1.2. Erectile disfunction
7.1.3. Hormonal changes
7.1.3.1. Flatten labia
7.1.3.2. Vulva atropy
7.1.3.2.1. Increased risk of infection
7.1.3.3. Less natural lubrication
7.1.3.4. Alkaline vagina
7.1.4. Menopause
7.1.5. Painful sex
7.1.5.1. Lower drive
7.1.5.1.1. Less secretions
7.2. Abnormal
7.2.1. Cervical cancer
7.2.1.1. Atrophy
7.2.1.2. Shorter canal
7.2.1.3. Alkaline
7.2.1.4. Increased yeast infection
7.2.2. Prostatic hypertrophy
7.2.2.1. Thickening of membrane
7.2.2.2. Narrowing of lumen
7.2.2.3. Fibrosis
8. Respiratory system
8.1. Age related changes
8.1.1. Cartilage calcifies
8.1.1.1. Ribs become more brittle
8.1.1.1.1. Reduced lung function
8.1.2. Trachea calcifies
8.1.3. Reduced reflexes of throat
8.1.3.1. Less productive cough
8.1.4. Increased risk for infections
8.2. Abnormal
8.2.1. Disease/ infection
8.2.1.1. Pneumonia
8.2.1.1.1. Increased fluid in lungs
8.2.1.2. COPD
8.2.1.2.1. Bronchitis
8.2.1.2.2. Emphysema
8.2.1.2.3. Asthma
8.2.1.2.4. Lung cancer
9. Cardiovascular system
9.1. Age related changes
9.1.1. Loss of muscle contraction strength
9.1.1.1. Less pump efficency
9.1.2. Decreased cardiac output
9.1.3. Thickening of valves
9.1.4. Blood vessels become less elastic
9.1.4.1. Hypertension
9.1.5. Decreased oxygen saturation
9.2. Abnormal
9.2.1. Aneurysm
9.2.1.1. Narrowing of aorta
9.2.1.1.1. Can rupture lead to fatality
9.2.2. Cardiomyopathy
9.2.2.1. Increase in size
9.2.2.2. Swelling of heart and vessels
9.2.3. Coronary Artery Disease
9.2.4. HTN
9.2.4.1. High incidence in older adults
9.2.5. Vascular disease
9.2.6. Atherosclerosis
9.2.6.1. Risk embloi
9.2.6.1.1. Leading to MI
10. Nervous system
10.1. Age related changes
10.1.1. Decreased blood flow to brain
10.1.2. Reductions in neurons and nerve fibers
10.1.2.1. Forgetfulness
10.1.3. Sleep changes
10.1.3.1. Less REM sleep
10.1.3.2. “Light sleeper”
10.1.4. Hypothalamus decreased temp regulation
10.1.4.1. Normal low body temp/ cold feeling
10.2. Abnormal
10.2.1. Sensory impairments
10.2.1.1. Visual
10.2.1.1.1. Decreased/ slow reaction to light changes
10.2.1.1.2. Smaller/ constricted pupils
10.2.1.1.3. Presbyopia
10.2.1.2. Hearing
10.2.1.2.1. Presbycusis
10.2.2. ICU delerium
10.2.2.1. Long stays
10.2.2.2. No visitation daily
10.2.2.3. Poor reorientation
10.2.2.4. Not set routines
10.2.2.5. Restlessness