Design Science

1. Methodological Grounding

1.1. Empirical Method

1.1.1. Case Study

1.1.2. Experiment

1.1.3. Survey

1.1.3.1. Literature Review

1.1.4. Expert Interviews

1.1.5. Field study

1.1.6. Think-aloud Method

1.2. Analytical Method

2. Kvar att koda

2.1. What is Theory in DSR

2.2. Skumma Koder

2.2.1. Method Problem: Difficulties in IS and IT Design

2.3. Significance of Theory

2.4. DS Theory Type

2.5. IS DSR Framework

3. Research Question

3.1. DSR Practice

3.1.1. Input

3.1.1.1. Structure and Goals of DSR Inquiries

3.1.1.1.1. Identifying and Analyzing DSR Strategies

3.1.1.1.2. Analyzing Aspects of DSR Knowledge Production

3.1.1.1.3. Producing Both Method and Software

3.1.1.2. Project Settings

3.1.1.2.1. Producing Early Results in Industrial Settings

3.1.2. Controls

3.1.2.1. Empirical Research Methods

3.1.2.1.1. Ethnography

3.1.2.1.2. Qualitative Methods

3.1.2.1.3. Secondary Analysis

3.1.2.1.4. Action Research

3.1.2.2. DSR Methods

3.1.2.2.1. Existing Methods

3.1.2.3. Conducting and Guiding DSR Work

3.1.2.3.1. Using Empirical Knowledge and Studies

3.1.2.3.2. Managing Large DSR projects

3.1.3. Activities

3.1.3.1. Explicate Problem

3.1.3.1.1. Reading for Problem Analysis

3.1.3.1.2. Formulating and Representing Problems

3.1.3.2. Define Requirements

3.1.3.2.1. Identifying Objectives

3.1.3.3. Design and Develop

3.1.3.3.1. Developing Design Theory

3.1.3.4. Demonstrate

3.1.3.5. Evaluate

3.1.3.5.1. Managing Infeasible Evaluation

3.1.3.5.2. Evaluating Design Products and Design Processes

3.1.3.5.3. Conceptualizing and Guiding Evaluation

3.1.3.5.4. Conceptualizing and Establishing Instantiation Validity

3.1.3.5.5. Classifying and Evaluating DSR Methods

3.1.3.6. Communicate

3.1.3.6.1. DSR Publication Standards

3.1.3.6.2. Communicating Nascent Design Knowledge

3.1.3.6.3. Presenting DSR in Publications

3.1.3.6.4. Communicating Knowledge Contributions

3.1.3.6.5. Propagating DSR Results

3.1.3.7. Reflect and Learn

3.1.3.7.1. Making Design Justification Explicit

3.1.3.7.2. Exploring the Design Process

3.1.4. Output

3.1.4.1. Artefacts

3.1.4.1.1. Artefact Types

3.1.4.1.2. Conceptualizing Artefact Relevance

3.1.4.2. Knowledge Contributions

3.1.4.2.1. Design Principle

3.1.4.2.2. Explanatory and Predicitive Knowledge

3.1.4.2.3. Design Theory

3.1.4.3. Identifying DS Contribution Types

3.1.4.4. Identifying DSR Contribution Types

3.1.4.5. Identifying DSR Contribution Levels

3.1.5. Resources

3.1.5.1. Practitioner

3.1.5.1.1. Involving Users

3.1.5.1.2. Understanding the Everyday Designer

3.1.5.2. Organization

3.1.5.2.1. Designing for Reuse and Joint Development

3.1.5.3. Researcher

3.1.5.3.1. Involving Novice Researchers

3.2. DS Community

3.2.1. Relationships to IS

3.2.1.1. Business Informatics

3.2.1.2. The Role of DS in IS

3.2.2. Relationships to Other Areas

3.2.2.1. Comparing DSR and CRA

3.2.2.2. Exploring DSR Through BWW

3.2.2.3. Criticizing DSR through Postmodernism

3.2.2.4. Defining and Conceptualizing the Notion of Design

3.3. DS Foundations

3.3.1. Defining and Positioning Design Science

4. Study Result

4.1. Classification

4.1.1. Classification of Design Principle Use

4.1.2. Artefact Classification

4.1.2.1. March and Smith Artefact Classification

4.1.2.2. IT Application Archetypes

4.1.3. DSR Activity Classification

4.1.3.1. March and Smith Activity Classification

4.1.3.2. Peffer et al Activity Classification

4.1.4. DSR Knowledge Contribution Classification

4.2. Construct

4.2.1. Conceptual Artefact

4.2.2. Instantiation Validity

4.2.3. Propagation Notions

4.2.4. Secondary Design

4.2.5. Artefact Relevance

4.2.6. Kernel Theory Refinement

4.2.7. Design Perspectives

4.2.8. IT Artefact

4.2.8.1. IT Artefact Critique Alter

4.2.8.2. IT Artefact Analysis Iivari

4.2.8.3. IT Artefact Analysis Lee

4.2.8.4. IT Artefact Analysis Matook

4.3. Method

4.3.1. Guidelines

4.3.1.1. Instantiation Validity Guidelines

4.3.1.2. Secondary Analysis Guidelines

4.3.1.3. Guidelines for Explicit Design Justification

4.3.1.4. Guidelines for Reconciling Design Theory with Design Alternatives

4.3.1.5. DSR Guidelines of Hevner et al

4.3.1.6. Agile Design Sprint Guidelines

4.3.1.7. Heuristic Theorizing Framework

4.3.1.8. Terminology Usage Guidelines

4.3.1.8.1. Replacing the Term "IT Artefact"

4.3.1.9. Guidelines for Social Factors in DSR

4.3.2. Process

4.3.2.1. Evaluation Process

4.3.2.2. Propagation Process

4.3.2.3. Processes and Structures for Developing Design Theory

4.3.3. Method Proposal

4.3.3.1. Method for Concepual DS Research

4.3.3.2. ADSRM

4.3.3.3. Method Root Cause Analysis

4.3.3.4. Qualitative Method Strategies

4.3.3.5. Method for Using Empirical Studies and Knowledge

4.3.3.6. Pattern-based Design Research

4.3.3.7. DSRM

4.3.3.8. Design Ethnography

4.3.3.9. Coloured Cognitive Mapping

4.3.3.9.1. Coloured Cognitive Mapping Venable

4.3.3.9.2. Extended Coloured Cognitive Mapping

4.3.3.10. Design Theory Nexus

4.3.3.11. Action Design Research

4.3.3.12. Method for Population Targeted Requirements Acquisition

4.3.3.13. Practice Design Research

4.3.4. Method Modification

4.3.4.1. Elaborated ADR Method

4.3.4.2. PADRE Method

4.3.4.3. Method for Simultaneous Method and Software Design

4.3.5. Approach

4.3.5.1. Grounded Design

4.4. Model

4.4.1. IS Design Theory Lifecycle

4.4.2. IS Artefact Model

4.4.2.1. IIvari IS Artefact Model

4.4.2.2. Lee IS Artefact Model

4.5. Framework

4.5.1. Artefact Centered Segmentation Framework

4.5.2. Requirements Driven DSR Framework

4.5.3. Objective Identification Framework

4.5.4. Conceptual Artefact Framework

4.5.5. IT Artefact Characteristics Framework

4.5.6. Framework for Classifying DSR Methods

4.5.7. Genres of Inquiry Framework

4.5.8. DSISR Framework of Hevner et al

4.5.9. DSR Framework of March and Smith

4.5.10. Three Cycle Framework

4.5.11. Framework for Theorizing in DSR

4.5.12. DSR Contribution Framework

4.5.12.1. DSR Contribution Level Framework

4.5.12.2. DS Contribution Framework

4.5.12.3. DSR Knowledge Contribution Framework

4.5.13. Explanatory Knowledge Framework

4.5.13.1. DREPT

4.5.13.2. Framework for EDT

4.5.14. DSR Strategy Framework

4.5.15. Evaluation Framework

4.5.15.1. FEDS

4.5.15.2. Evaluation Methods Taxonomy

4.5.15.3. Integrated Evaluation Framework

4.5.16. Research Framework for External Artefacts in DS

4.5.17. Framework of Social Impact Factors

4.5.18. Framework of Aesthetic Dimensions for DSR

4.6. Communication Instrument

4.6.1. PDSA Framework

4.6.2. Publication Scheme

4.6.2.1. Publication Scheme for Nascent Design Theories

4.6.2.2. DSR Publication Schema

4.7. Technique

4.7.1. Problem Explication Technique

4.8. Tool

4.8.1. Design Process Explorer

4.8.2. DScaffolding Canvas

4.8.3. PDSR Canvas

4.8.4. RCA-based Annotation Support

4.9. Comparison

4.9.1. Comparison BWW and ISDT

4.9.2. Comparison DSR and CRA

4.9.3. Comparison Action Research and DSR

4.9.3.1. Comparison AR and DSR Järvinen

4.9.3.2. Comparison AR and DSR Papas

4.10. Theory

4.10.1. Simplified Design Theory

4.10.2. Design Theory as Utility Theory

4.10.3. Anatomy of a Design Theory

4.10.4. IS Design Theory

4.11. Analysis and Evaluation

4.11.1. DSRISR Evaluation

4.11.2. DSR Standards Analysis

4.11.3. Analysis of Designer-User Collaboration

4.11.4. Analysis of Perceptions of Receptivity and Impact of IS Journals

4.11.5. Analysis and Critique of Design Theory

4.11.6. Analysis of Everyday Designers

4.11.7. Postmodernist Implications

5. Theoretical Grounding

5.1. Concepts

5.1.1. Pattern

5.1.2. Cycle

5.1.3. Utility

5.1.4. Lifeworld

5.2. Dichotomies

5.2.1. Artefact as Tool vs Artefact as Subject of Design

5.2.2. Descriptive vs Prescriptive

5.2.3. Design vs Appropriation

5.2.4. Design vs Emergence

5.2.5. Nomothetic vs Idiographic

5.2.6. Design vs Science

5.2.6.1. Design Science vs Behavioral Science

5.2.7. Deductive vs Abductive

5.3. Theories

5.4. Methods

5.5. IT-IS-SE

5.5.1. Agile Development

5.5.2. Requirements Engineering

5.5.3. Participatory Design

5.5.4. UX Design

5.6. DS

5.6.1. Design Theory as Foundation

5.6.1.1. Design Theory Nexus

5.6.2. DSR Methods as Foundation

5.6.2.1. DSRISR as Foundation

5.6.2.2. DSRM as Foundation

5.6.2.3. Coloured Cognitive Mapping as Foundation

5.6.2.4. FEDS as Foundation

5.6.2.5. Genres of Inquiry as Foundation

5.7. Social Science

5.7.1. Ethnography

5.7.2. Practice Theory

5.7.3. Systems Theory

5.7.4. Action Research as Foundation

5.7.5. Root Cause Analysis

5.7.6. Participatory Action Research

5.7.7. Educational Psychology

5.7.8. Structuration Theory

5.7.9. Postmodernism

5.7.10. Cognitive Mapping

5.8. Philosophy

5.8.1. BWW Ontology

5.8.2. Popper's Three Worlds

5.8.3. Aesthetics

5.8.4. Pragmatism