1. Some formal dancing, mainly line and circle style, began during this time as well.
2. Folk Music in Europe - Ben Balbach
2.1. France
2.1.1. The opera was a large component of general entertainment in the 1700s.
2.1.2. The French revolution opened the doors for a shift for musicians to become independent creators instead of "servants of the courts" and mere "instruments".
2.2. United Kingdom
2.2.1. The roots of English folk music date back to pastoralism and peasantry.
2.2.2. The Church had a large influence on folk music, with many of the songs including religious themes such as Harvest Songs and Christmas Carols.
2.2.3. Nursery rhymes such as Ba Ba Black Sheep and London Bridge began as people put tunes to riddles, poems, and stories.
2.3. Germany
2.3.1. Classical German musical largely came from the three B's: Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms.
2.3.1.1. Other important composers, namely Richard Wagner, developed operas.
2.3.2. The driving factor that pushed Germany to the dawn of its popular music were the two World Wars.
2.3.2.1. These new genres included swing music and musical theatre.
2.3.2.2. Germany's latest modern genres include techno, hip hop, and rock.
2.4. Northern Europe
2.4.1. Iceland
2.4.1.1. Icelandic folk music generally included ballads and epics with lyrics regarding the harsh weather and mystic folklore of the area.
2.4.2. Denmark
2.4.2.1. Denmark's original folk music actually started with men that traveled to several villages, performing to earn money. This also spread the music as they reached more and more villages.
2.4.2.2. The folk dance of Denmark is called Chain Dancing, and it is very similar to Britain's circle dances.
2.4.2.2.1. https://youtu.be/__iXQgJencw
2.4.3. Norway
2.4.3.1. Norse folk music is a combination of the pre-Christian myths and folklore with the later religious themes.
2.4.3.2. Norway is known for its folk instrumental music, often accompanied with dances.
2.4.4. Sweden
2.4.4.1. Swedish folk music stemmed from herding calls women used to gather their farm's animals.
2.4.4.2. The fiddle is a famous component of Swedish folk culture.
2.4.5. Finland
2.4.5.1. Karelia, a culture now found in both Finland and Russia, makes up most of Finnic folk music.
2.4.5.1.1. The music is known for its sad themes and lyrics, often full of "sorrow and yearning".
2.5. Southern Europe
2.5.1. Turkey
2.5.1.1. Turkish folk music depicts a range of topics from everyday tasks to folklore and myths to wedding celebrations.
2.5.1.2. The country's music comes from diverse roots, including Byzantine, Persian, Arab, Ottoman, and Balkan cultures.
2.5.2. Bulgaria
2.5.2.1. Bulgarian folk music is unique due to its use of rhythm and harmonies.
2.5.2.2. The music can be very patriotic, as some of it was developed during a time of struggle for freedom.
2.5.3. Italy
2.5.3.1. Italy's music is also tied to operatic and religious origins.
2.5.3.1.1. https://youtu.be/-8wQzTGKNoY
2.5.3.2. Other genres of Italian folk music are influenced by surrounding cultures such as African, Arabic, Greek, and more.
2.5.4. Spain
2.5.4.1. Spain's folk history is very unique because the country is a conglomeration of five kingdoms united through the Reconquista.
2.5.4.2. One distinct song and dance style of Spain is Flamenco, usually performed with a guitarist and dancer.
3. Music Styles of Indigenous People - Cate Maldia
3.1. Folk Culture
3.1.1. Vocal Performance
3.1.1.1. Differents tribes and regions utilize different techniques.
3.1.1.1.1. The Eastern Woodland Tribe uses extreme, exaggerated vibrato and yodeling to emphasize strong emotion.
3.1.1.1.2. Women from the Inuit tribe "throat-sing," using a mixture of growls, grunts, and gasps to lull their babies to sleep.
3.1.1.1.3. Tribes in the Great Plains don't even use lyrics; instead, they only uses vocables, such as "yo-he-yo." This way, other tribes can sing along, regardless of if they speak the same language or not.
3.1.2. Dance and Movement
3.1.2.1. Each dance has a specific purpose, is performed at a certain time, and utilizes a different range of instruments/materials. Just a few include:
3.1.2.1.1. The Grass Dance's purpose is for members of the tribe to connect with one another. The dance uses a swaying motion to mimic the movement of the grass. The movement is exaggerated by elaborate costumes.
3.1.2.1.2. The Stomp Dance is led by one man, who uses a rattle to lead the tribe around a ceremonial fire.
3.1.2.1.3. The Sun Dance is held during the summer solstice. It represents the continuity of life.
3.1.2.1.4. Hoop Dancing utilizes a collection of hoops which represent the tribes connects as well as the never ending circle of life.
3.1.3. Instruments and Supplies
3.1.3.1. Indigenous music uses a variety of different instruments, but the most common are the flute, whistles, rattles, and drum.
3.1.3.1.1. Flutes
3.1.3.1.2. Whistles + Rattles
3.1.3.1.3. Different types of drums are used depending on the tribe and/or the music.
3.2. Popular Culture
3.2.1. Social Media
3.2.1.1. Several indigenous creators have been able to use their platform on the app, "TikTok," to perform and educate their followers on their tribal traditions.
3.2.1.1.1. James Jones, a Native American hoop-dancer, makes videos dancing to popular TikTok sounds and songs.
3.2.1.1.2. Shina Novalinga, an Inuit woman, creates videos of her and her mother throat singing, as well as going over the techniques and history of the style.
3.2.2. Indigenous Musicians
3.2.2.1. Indigenous pop musicians have long incorporated their cultural traditions into their music.
3.2.2.1.1. The members of 1970s pop band, Redbone, are all of indigenous descent. Before their performances, the band would often do traditional Native American dance routines. Additionally, the band would sometimes dress in traditional clothing, as seen by the guitarist in the video above.
3.2.2.1.2. Rock artist Jimi Hendrix was also of Native American descent. The influence of his ethnicity is most clearly heard in his song entitled "Cherokee Mist." In this piece, a number of indigenous-sounding rhythmns and melodies can be seen. Additionally, Hendrix utilizes a drum that sounds incredibly similar to traditionally Native American instruments.
4. Asian Folk Music
4.1. South Asian Folk Music
4.1.1. Instruments
4.1.1.1. Chordophones
4.1.1.1.1. Stringed instruments on which the sound is made by causing the string to vibrate either through plucking, bowing, or striking the strings.
4.1.1.2. Membranophones
4.1.1.2.1. Drums where the sound is created over a cavity with hands or a stick which causes it to vibrate.
4.1.1.3. Idiophones
4.1.1.3.1. Percussion instruments where the sound is made through striking the object itself causing it to vibrate.
4.1.1.4. Aerophones
4.1.1.4.1. Wind instruments where the sound is created by making an air column vibrate.
4.1.2. Characteristics
4.1.2.1. Melody
4.1.2.1.1. Sargam
4.1.2.1.2. Raga
4.1.2.2. Rhythm
4.1.2.2.1. Taga
4.1.2.3. Drones
4.1.2.3.1. A continual note or chord that underlies an entire musical piece.
4.2. By: John Notaro
4.3. East Asian Folk Music
4.3.1. Characteristics
4.3.1.1. Transparency
4.3.1.1.1. The focus on individual instruments
4.3.1.2. Literacy
4.3.1.2.1. The emphasis on melody
4.3.1.3. Word Orientation
4.3.1.3.1. The very low use of abstraction in music.
4.3.2. Instruments
4.3.2.1. Silk String Instruments
4.3.2.1.1. Guitars
4.3.2.1.2. Harps
4.3.2.2. Bamboo Instruments
4.3.2.2.1. Woodwinds
4.3.2.3. Metal Instruments
4.3.2.3.1. Metal Bells
4.3.2.3.2. Gongs
4.3.2.4. Skin Instruments
4.3.2.4.1. Drums
4.3.3. Scales & Notes
4.3.3.1. Pentatonic Scale
4.3.3.1.1. A musical arrangement of an octave with five notes.
4.3.3.1.2. The notes are based on mathematical formulas based on ratios of pitches.
4.4. Middle Eastern Folk Music
4.4.1. Characteristics
4.4.1.1. Quarter Tones
4.4.1.1.1. Small intervals between notes.
4.4.1.2. West Asian music has a total of 24 different tones versus the 12 that are in western music.
4.4.1.2.1. West Asian music has an additional level of notes in between semitones
4.4.1.3. Semitones
4.4.1.3.1. Specific tone within a note
4.4.1.4. Drones
4.4.1.4.1. A continual note or chord that underlies an entire musical piece.
4.4.2. Instruments
4.4.2.1. String Instruments
4.4.2.1.1. Oud
4.4.2.1.2. Qanun
4.4.2.2. Woodwind
4.4.2.2.1. Nay
4.4.2.3. Percussion
4.4.2.3.1. Rik
4.4.2.3.2. Darbuka
5. African Music
5.1. Societal Importance of Music
5.1.1. Ceremonies
5.1.1.1. Music accompanies childbirth, marriage, hunting, politics, and work. It is part of everyday life.
5.1.2. Spiritual
5.1.2.1. Songs accompany rituals such as honoring ancestors, and gospel music is sung in churches.
5.2. Instruments
5.2.1. Percussive
5.2.1.1. Percussion instruments include gongs, rattles, bells, woodblocks, shakers, rainsticks, and especially drums.
5.2.1.1.1. The most popular drums are bougarabou, water, and ngoma drums, and they are instrumental in the ever important rhythm.
5.2.2. Melodic
5.2.2.1. The melodic instruments are string instruments, xylophones, flutes, and trumpets.
5.2.2.1.1. The modern day banjo is based off the African akoting.
5.3. Folk Genres
5.3.1. Kenya
5.3.1.1. The folk music is based off of 40+ languages and ethnicities.
5.3.1.1.1. Maasai Tribe
5.3.2. Nigeria
5.3.2.1. This is a call and response format. The lead singer and choir interchange verses.
5.3.2.1.1. Another subgroup of folk music is called the "workers' song" because it is sung to a rhythmic pattern of manual work.
5.3.3. Ghana
5.3.3.1. Soulful music is sung in church.
5.3.4. Angola
5.3.4.1. Folk music draws parallels with Portuguese culture due to nearly 500 years of occupation.
5.3.4.1.1. Semba music is very similar to the Brazilian samba. It was created by Angolan slaves, and is a storytelling genre.
5.3.5. South Africa
5.3.5.1. The folk music is gospel and maskandi, the music of the Zulu people.
5.3.5.1.1. Maskandi Love Song sung by Zulu
5.4. Popular Genres
5.4.1. Kenya
5.4.1.1. The popular genre benga was developed in Nairobi in the late 1940s.
5.4.1.1.1. It is accompanied by guitar unlike traditional Maasai songs, but the dance moves remain traditional.
5.4.2. Nigeria
5.4.2.1. Afrobeat was created by Fela Kuti in the 1970s.
5.4.2.1.1. It blends American funk and jazz.
5.4.3. Ghana
5.4.3.1. Highlife evolved in the 1990s as a fusion of Ghanian folk music and hip hop.
5.4.4. Angola
5.4.4.1. The Portuguese influence continues into the popular music.
5.4.4.1.1. Kizomba is a slow, intimate song that is sung in Portuguese.
5.4.5. South Africa
5.4.5.1. The popular music in South Africa is jazz.
5.5. Worldwide Influence
5.5.1. Music
5.5.1.1. Nearly every contemporary genre has roots in African music. Some of those are rock + roll, doo wop, jazz, blues, R&B, hip hop, house, reggae, country, and pop.
5.5.2. Movies
5.5.2.1. Disney's "Lion King" utilized African choir music for the iconic opening chorus, and "Hakuna Matata" has Swahili influence.
5.5.2.1.1. Marvel's "Black Panther" used traditional African instruments in songs. The talking drums are featured here.
5.6. Jackie Chalifoux
6. Pop Music and Trends of Today
6.1. Origins
6.1.1. Made to be enjoyed by a large audience
6.1.2. Quickly overtook folk music
6.1.3. Constantly evolving with trends
6.1.4. Most "pop" artists are well known by the entire world as opposed to folk music, which is simply passed thorugh family.
6.2. Different kinds of popular music
6.2.1. Jazz
6.2.1.1. Origins
6.2.1.1.1. America c. 1890's
6.2.1.1.2. African Americans combining African culture with European harmonics
6.2.1.2. Popular Artists
6.2.1.2.1. Louis Armstrong
6.2.1.2.2. Miles Davis
6.2.1.2.3. John Coltrane
6.2.2. Rock
6.2.2.1. Origins
6.2.2.1.1. America c. 1950's
6.2.2.1.2. quickly spread to other English-speaking countries
6.2.2.2. Popular Aritsts
6.2.2.2.1. AC/DC
6.2.2.2.2. Bon Jovi
6.2.2.2.3. Guns n Roses
6.2.2.2.4. KISS
6.2.2.3. Alternative
6.2.2.3.1. a subcategory of rock
6.2.2.3.2. Popular Artists
6.2.3. Country
6.2.3.1. Origins
6.2.3.1.1. Southern Appalachian's c. 1910's
6.2.3.1.2. fiddlers who lived in the Appalachian mountains
6.2.3.2. Popular Artists
6.2.3.2.1. Luke Combs
6.2.3.2.2. Johnny Cash
6.2.3.2.3. Carrie Underwood
6.2.4. Rap
6.2.4.1. Origins
6.2.4.1.1. 1970's
6.2.4.1.2. DJ's began isolating beats of songs
6.2.4.2. Popular Artists
6.2.4.2.1. Kanye West
6.2.4.2.2. Jay-Z
6.2.4.2.3. A$AP Rocky
6.2.4.2.4. Nicki Minaj
6.2.4.2.5. Notorious BIG
6.2.5. Latin Pop
6.2.5.1. Origins
6.2.5.1.1. Pop music with Latin Influence
6.2.5.1.2. Miami is the hub of Latin Pop in the USA
6.2.5.2. Popular Artists
6.2.5.2.1. Selena
6.2.5.2.2. Sharkira
6.2.5.2.3. Enrique Iglesias
6.2.6. K-Pop
6.2.6.1. Origins
6.2.6.1.1. South Korea c. 1885
6.2.6.1.2. Henry Appelenzer
6.2.6.2. Popular Artists
6.2.6.2.1. Girls' Generation
6.2.6.2.2. Stray Kids
6.2.6.2.3. NCT
6.2.6.2.4. PSY