1. Social
1.1. Casualties
1.1.1. As many as 10 million men died, while others were severely wounded and unable to work when they returned home (62).
1.1.2. Part of a reason for this war being referred to as the first "total war" was for its blurred line against civilian life and war life.
1.1.2.1. For this reason, many civilians died through war conflict.
1.1.2.2. Other civilians died due to famine and disease such as the Spanish Influenza (62).
1.2. Women
1.2.1. World War One provided many opportunities for the employment, as women were needed to fill jobs that men had left after joining the army.
1.2.1.1. However, after the war's end many women did not continue to work (63).
1.2.1.2. This allowed women's employment to shift from domestic services like cooking cleaning to white-collar employment such as working office jobs (63).
1.2.1.2.1. But, this was also "due to the expansion of this sector" (63).
1.2.2. After the war, influenced by the increase of women's employment during the war, women began to challenge stereotypical aspects of gender such as living in their own, smoking, and working (63).
1.2.3. Women also received the right to vote "after the war in tacit acknowledgment of their contributions during the war" (64).
1.2.3.1. This happened in the following countries: Germany, USA, Britain, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Canada, Austria, and Russia.
2. Political
2.1. Peace Treaties and Settlements
2.1.1. Treaties and settlements were imposed by the Allied onto the Central Powers and were intended to bring peace among the nations and ease tensions.
2.1.1.1. However, some treaties are criticized for "contributing towards future instability in Europe by creating huge resentments among the defeated nations" (64).
2.1.1.1.1. Such as the Treaty of Versailles which many argue is a factor for initiating World War Two.
2.1.1.1.2. "The high reparations set by the post-war treaties have attracted much criticism for contributing to economic crisis and political instability" (67).
2.1.2. Some of the treaties/ settlements include: The Treaty of Versailles (1919), The Treaty of St Germain (1919), Treaty of Neuilly (1919), Treaty of Trianon (1920), Treaty of Sevres (1920) (65).
2.1.2.1. A majority of the treaties "redrew territorial boundaries in Europe, with all the losing countries losing land, as well as implementing restrictive military terms and punitive economic penalties" (64).
2.1.2.1.1. In creating and redrawing territories in Europe, peacemakers "often tried to take into account the principle of self determination [The right of nations and nationalities to be independent from their own governments] in efforts to minimize the instability caused by the desire for ethnic groups to rule themselves which had helped trigger the war in 1914 (66).
2.2. Government and Political Unrest
2.2.1. After two revolutions, Russia went through an organized state and civil war, which the Bolsheviks won, and established the Soviet Union which became the first communist state (67).
2.2.2. "Germany became a Republic at the end of 1918", survived three communist revolts and two attempts by ultra-nationalists to overthrow the government (67).
2.2.3. Italy did not receive the territory it was promised in the Treaty of London (1915) from the Allies and soldiers came back to poverty when they were promised to return back to jobs. Violence and armed groups began to rise as Italy became more politically divided. Benito Mussolini began to rise in popularity as he hed one of these armed groups called the Blackshirts and ended up turning Italy into a dictatorship by 1943 (68).
2.2.4. "Austria Hungary was dismantled to a series of new republics, while other territories were granted to constitutional monarchies" (68).
3. Works Cited
3.1. Daily , Andy, and Sarah Webb. Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars. 2nd ed., Hodder Education , 2015.
4. Economic
4.1. Germany
4.1.1. The losses of territory and people in Germany left it with economic difficulties, as it even "lost most of its merchant ships during the war and its international trade" (68). Germany eventually went bankrupt and declared that it would not be able to pay the reparations, creating hyperinflation, but it was able to be resolved, as the US negotiated a resolution (69).
4.2. Britain
4.2.1. The money borrowed from the USA by Britain led to it coming in debt. This added on to finding out that Britain's overseas territories became self-sufficient and no longer needed Britain's products as well as Britain not having anywhere to export its products because Germany and France needed to recover economically for it to export its products there (69).
4.3. France
4.3.1. Many parts of France were destroyed in the war, lost its overseas markets, and lost its funds lent to Russia. Germany would pay for reparations, however, because of Germany's inability to pay them quickly, France recovered slowly economically (69).
4.4. The USA
4.4.1. The US economy grew when it entered the war as many joined the workforce and the demand for resources increased.
4.5. Central/Eastern Europe
4.5.1. Many new states that were established a a result of the war suffered economically as they had been a part of "much larger, economically integrated empires" (70).
4.6. Russia/ Soviet Union
4.6.1. When the Bolsheviks gained control of Russia they implemented a new economic policy that abolished the use of currency, gave the government ownership of all property, and made all production geared for war. A new economic policy was introduced in 1921 after millions rebelled due to starvation Which included: peasants paying taxes in grain and selling whatever was left for profit, and the government producing consumer goods, smaller industries being owned privately (70).