1. SENTENCE STRUCTURES
1.1. Statements
1.1.1. Affirmative
1.1.2. Negative
1.2. Questions
1.2.1. An utterance which asks for an expression of fact, opinion, belief, etc. Ex: Can she come? What’s your name?
1.3. Commands
1.3.1. An utterance which tells other people what to do Ex: Be seated, please.
1.4. Exclamations
1.4.1. An utterance which may not have the structure of a full sentence and which shows strong emotions Ex: How clever she is! What a meal!
2. SENTENCE TYPES
2.1. Simple sentences
2.1.1. A sentence which contains only one clause( or only one predicate). Ex: I like you😘. Mary and I went to the concert together.
2.2. Compound sentences
2.2.1. A sentence which contains two or more than two independent clauses joined by
2.2.1.1. A semi-colon
2.2.1.2. A colon
2.2.1.3. A coordinator: BOYFANS
2.2.1.4. A connecting adverb: however, therefore, then,etc.
2.2.1.5. Correlative conjunctions: both…and; not only… but also; neither…nor;either…or.
2.3. Complex sentences
2.3.1. A sentence which contains one or more dependent clauses (including the subordinating conjunction / subordinator) in addition to its independent clause: ex Because he got a fever last night, he is absent today.
2.3.1.1. Noun clauses
2.3.1.2. Adjective/ relative clauses
2.3.1.3. Adverb clauses
3. Basic sentence patterns
3.1. Pattern 1
3.1.1. S+Vi
3.1.1.1. The phone rang.
3.1.2. S + Vi + particle (A)
3.1.2.1. He came in.
3.1.3. S + Vi + adverbial phrase (A)
3.1.3.1. The phone rang loudly.
3.2. Pattern 2
3.2.1. S+Vl +SC
3.2.1.1. Leo is handsome.
3.2.2. The complement may be ● An adjective ● A noun ● An adjective + noun ● A pronoun ● An adverb of place or time ● A prepositional phrase
3.3. Pattern 3
3.3.1. S+Vt +DO
3.3.1.1. My sister answered the phone.
3.3.2. S+Vt +DO+to/for+IO
3.3.2.1. They introduced me to the professor.
3.4. Pattern 4
3.4.1. S+Vt +IO+DO
3.4.1.1. Anna sent Leo a message.
3.4.2. S+Vt +DO+to/for+IO
3.4.2.1. Anna sent a message to Leo.
3.4.3. S+Vt +IO
3.4.3.1. I will call you later.
3.5. Pattern 5
3.5.1. S+Vt +DO+OC
3.5.1.1. That cake smells strange.
4. Sentence definition and constituents
4.1. Clause: A group of words which forms a grammatical unit and which contains a subject and a finite verb
4.2. Phrase: A group of words which forms a grammatical unit but which does not contain a subject and a finite verb
4.3. Sentence: a grammatically complete unit capable of standing alone on its own and semantically independent. Normally a sentence contains an independent clause with a finite verb.
4.4. Subject
4.4.1. Noun
4.4.2. Pronoun
4.4.3. Noun phrases
4.5. Predicate: part of the sentence which
4.5.1. states/asserts something about the subject
4.5.2. usually consists of: finite verb, object, complement, adverbial
4.6. Verb: a word that is usually one of the main parts of a sentence and that expresses an action, an occurrence, or a state of being
4.6.1. Finite verb: a form of a verb that is related to the subject in PERSON and/or NUMBER, and which shows TENSES.
4.6.2. Non-finite verb forms
4.6.2.1. V-ing
4.6.2.2. Infinitive
4.6.2.3. Past participle
4.6.3. Verb
4.6.3.1. Transitive verb
4.6.3.2. Intransitive verb
4.6.3.3. Transitive and intransitive verb
4.6.3.4. Linking verb
4.6.3.4.1. Complement: part of the sentence which follows the verb and which thus completes the sentence
4.6.3.4.2. Subject complement: one linked to a subject by be or a linking verb
4.6.3.4.3. Object complement: one linked to an object s qq
4.7. Object: a noun, pronoun or noun phrase which goes after the (transitive) verb, affected by the action of the verb
4.7.1. Direct object
4.7.2. Indirect object
4.8. Adverbials: any word, phrase, or clause that functions like an adverb
4.8.1. Adjuncts: part of the basic structure of the sentence, modifying the verb, expressing time, manner, place, etc.
4.8.2. Conjuncts: not part of the basic structure of the sentence, connecting ideas
4.8.3. Disjuncts: (sentential adverbs) showing speaker’s attitude or evaluating what is said in the rest of the sentence