1. Socioeconomic Differences
1.1. Challenges Associated with Poverty
1.1.1. Poor Nutrition and Health
1.1.2. Inadequate Housing and Frequent Moves
1.1.3. Exposure to Toxic Substance
1.1.4. Unhealthy Social Environments
1.1.5. Emotional Stress
1.1.6. Gaps in Background Knowledge
1.1.7. Lower-quality Schools
1.2. Fostering Resilience
1.3. Working with Homeless Students
2. Students at Risk
2.1. Characteristics of Students at Risk
2.2. Why Students Drop Out
2.3. Supporting Students at Risk
2.4. Into The Classroom
2.4.1. Engaging Students at Risk in the Academic Curriculum
3. Cultural and Ethnic Differences
3.1. Navigating Different Cultures at Home and at School
3.2. Cultural Competence
3.2.1. Language and Dialect
3.2.2. Talkativeness and Verbal Assertiveness
3.2.3. Eye Contact
3.2.4. Personal Space
3.2.5. Responding to Questions
3.2.6. Public Versus Private Performance
3.2.7. Views about Teasing
3.2.8. Cooperation Versus Competition
3.2.9. Family Relationships and Expectations
3.2.10. Conceptions of Time
3.2.11. Worldviews
3.3. Creating a Culturally Inclusive Classroom Environment
3.4. Into The Classroom
3.4.1. Addressing Students' Stereotypes and Prejudices
4. Gender Differences
4.1. Research Findings Regarding Gender Differences
4.1.1. Physical Activity and Motor Skills
4.1.2. Cognitive and Academic Abilities
4.1.3. Experience with Technology
4.1.4. Motivation in Academic Activities
4.1.5. Sense of Self
4.1.6. Interpersonal Behaviors and Relationships
4.1.7. Classroom Behaviors
4.1.8. Career Aspirations
4.2. Origins of Gender Differences
4.3. Making Appropriate Accommodations for Gender Differences
4.3.1. Promoting Gender Equality
4.4. Into the Classroom
4.4.1. Promoting Gender Equity