1. Unit 1 - Module 2 - Lesson 3
1.1. Selective Breeding
1.1.1. Selective breeding involves choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics. Humans have selectively bred plants and animals for thousands of years including: crop plants with better yields
1.2. Genetic Engineering
1.2.1. Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology
1.3. Genetically modified organism
1.3.1. A genetically modified organism is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
1.4. Natural Selection
1.4.1. Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations
2. Unit 1 - Module 3 - Lesson 1
2.1. Fossilization
2.1.1. A fossil is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood and DNA remnants. The totality of fossils is known as the fossil record
2.2. Mineralization
2.2.1. Mineralization in soil science is the decomposition of the chemical compounds in organic matter, by which the nutrients in those compounds are released in soluble inorganic forms that may be available to plants. Mineralization is the opposite of immobilization
2.3. Carbonization
2.3.1. Carbonization is the conversion of organic matters like plants and dead animal remains into carbon through destructive distillation
2.4. Molds and Casts
2.4.1. We find molds where an animal or plant was buried in mud or soft soil and decayed away, leaving behind an impression of their bodies, leaves, or flowers. Casts are formed when these impressions are filled with other types of sediment that form rocks, which take the place of the animal or plant.
2.5. Trace Fossils
2.5.1. A trace fossil, also known as an ichnofossil, is a fossil record of biological activity but not the preserved remains of the plant or animal itself. Trace fossils contrast with body fossils, which are the fossilized remains of parts of organisms' bodies, usually altered by later chemical activity or mineralization.
2.6. Organic Matter
2.6.1. Organic matter, organic material, or natural organic matter refers to the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial, and aquatic environments. It is matter composed of organic compounds that have come from the feces and remains of organisms such as plants and animals
2.7. Relative Age Dating
2.7.1. Relative dating is the science of determining the relative order of past events, without necessarily determining their absolute age. In geology, rock or superficial deposits, fossils and lithologies can be used to correlate one stratigraphic column with another
2.8. Absolute Age Dating
2.8.1. Absolute dating is the process of determining an age on a specified chronology in archaeology and geology. Some scientists prefer the terms chronometric or calendar dating, as use of the word "absolute" implies an unwarranted certainty of accuracy
2.9. Geologic Time Scale
2.9.1. The geologic time scale, or geological time scale, is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth. It is a system of chronological dating that uses chronostratigraphy and geochronology. It is used primarily by Earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history
2.10. Extinctions
2.10.1. the fact or process of a species, family, or other group of animals or plants becoming extinct.
2.11. Transitional Fossil
2.11.1. A transitional fossil is any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group. This is especially important where the descendant group is sharply differentiated by gross anatomy and mode of living from the ancestral group.
2.12. Sudden Environmental Change
2.12.1. An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance, and which is more rapid than the rate of change of the external forcing, though it may include sudden forcing events such as meteorite impacts
2.13. Gradual Environmental Change
2.13.1. An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance, and which is more rapid than the rate of change of the external forcing, though it may include sudden forcing events such as meteorite impacts.
3. Unit 1 - Module 3 - Lesson 2
3.1. Homologous Structures
3.1.1. Homologous structures are similar structures that evolved from a common ancestor
3.2. Analogous Structures
3.2.1. Analogous structures are features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature (compare to homologous structures) and which evolved in response to a similar environmental challenge.
3.3. Vestigial Structures
3.3.1. Vestigiality is the retention, during the process of evolution, of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of the ancestral function in a given species. Assessment of the vestigiality must generally rely on comparison with homologous features in related species
3.4. Embryology
3.4.1. Embryology is the branch of animal biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes, fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally, embryology encompasses the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth, known as teratology
3.5. Molecular Biology
4. unit 1
4.1. section 1
4.1.1. scientific Method
4.1.1.1. Observation
4.1.1.1.1. That's what it means to observe during a scientific experiment. It means to notice what's going on through your senses, but, more specifically, we can define observation as the act of knowing and recording something. This has to do with both the act of knowing what's going on, and then recording what happened.
4.1.1.2. Questions
4.1.1.2.1. Scientific Question. A scientific question is a question that may lead to a hypothesis and help us in. answering (or figuring out) the reason for some observation. ● A solid scientific question must be testable and measurable. ○ You can complete an experiment in order to answer it.
4.1.1.3. Hypothesis
4.1.1.3.1. A hypothesis (plural: hypotheses), in a scientific context, is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables or a proposed explanation for some observed phenomenon
4.1.1.4. prediction
4.1.1.4.1. say or estimate that (a specified thing) will happen in the future or will be a consequence of something.
4.1.1.5. text the prediction
4.1.1.5.1. an input technology that facilitates typing on a mobile device by suggesting words the end user may wish to insert in a text field. Predictions are based on the context of other words in the message and the first letters typed.
4.1.1.6. Quantitative Observation
4.1.1.6.1. A quantitative observation is an objective method of data analysis that measures research variables using numerical and statistical parameters. This method of observation views research variables in terms of quantity hence; it is usually associated with values that can be counted such as age, weight, volume, and scale
4.1.1.7. Qualitative observations
4.1.1.7.1. What is the definition of qualitative observation? Qualitative observation is a research method in which researchers collect data using their five senses, sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. It is a subjective method of gathering information as it depends on the researcher's sensory organs
4.1.1.8. Iterative process
4.1.1.8.1. This often means that successive investigations of a topic lead back to the same question, but at deeper and deeper levels.
4.1.1.9. Publish / Peer Review
4.1.1.9.1. A peer-reviewed publication is also sometimes referred to as a scholarly publication. The peer-review process subjects an author's scholarly work, research, or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field (peers) and is considered necessary to ensure academic scientific quality.
5. unit 1- Module - Lesson2
5.1. Charles Darwin
5.1.1. Darwin's analysis of the plants and animals he gathered led him to question how species form and change over time. This work convinced him of the insight that he is most famous for natural selection
5.2. Galapagos Islands
5.2.1. What are the Galapagos Islands famous for? Giant tortoises on Isabela, marine iguanas on Fernandina, blue-footed boobies nesting on North Seymour, and 17 other land, marine, and avian species not found anywhere else in the world are the major reasons for the Galapagos Islands' fame.
5.3. HMS Beagle
5.3.1. Beagle was a Royal Navy ship, famed for taking English naturalist Charles Darwin on his first expedition around the world in 1831–36. Beagle was launched at Woolwich Dockyard, London, in 1820.
5.4. Darwins Finches
5.4.1. Darwin's finches are a group of about 18 species of passerine birds. They are well known for their remarkable diversity in beak form and function.
5.5. Natural Selection
5.5.1. Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are all different in some ways. This variation means that some individuals have traits better suited to the environment than others
5.6. Survival of the fittest
5.6.1. survival of the fittest, term made famous in the fifth edition (published in 1869) of On the Origin of Species by British naturalist Charles Darwin, which suggested that organisms best adjusted to their environment are the most successful in surviving and reproducing.
5.7. Adaptations
5.7.1. Examples include the long necks of giraffes for feeding in the tops of trees, the streamlined bodies of aquatic fish and mammals, the light bones of flying birds and mammals, and the long daggerlike canine teeth of carnivores. All biologists agree that organismal traits commonly reflect adaptations
5.8. Fitness
5.9. Genetic Variation
5.10. Common Ancestors
5.11. Structural adaptation
5.12. Behavioral adaptation
5.13. Functional adaptation
5.14. Camouflage
5.15. Mimicry
5.16. Modern Theory of Evolution
6. unit 1
6.1. section 5
6.1.1. scientific method
6.1.1.1. Lab Safety Standards
6.1.1.1.1. These basic rules provide behavior, hygiene, and safety information to avoid accidents in the laboratory. Laboratory specific safety rules may be required for specific processes, equipment, and materials, which should be addressed by laboratory specific SOPs
6.1.1.2. Hair in a lab
6.1.1.2.1. Hair can impede vision. Long hair can fall onto the lab bench/come in contact with chemicals or biologicals. Long hair is also a hazard around rotating equipment and open flames such as Bunsen burners or alcohol
6.1.1.3. Clothing in a lab
6.1.1.3.1. Proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be worn at all times in the laboratory. 1. Clothing: Wear long pants or skirts and closed toed shoes, and tie back long hair. Do not wear shorts, short skirts, sandals, loose clothing, or dangling jewelry.
6.1.1.4. Footwear in a lab
6.1.1.4.1. safety glasses, are forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the area surrounding the eye in order to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from striking the eyes. They are used in chemistry laboratories and in woodworking
6.1.1.5. Protective Glasses
6.1.1.5.1. safety glasses, are forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the area surrounding the eye in order to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from striking the eyes. They are used in chemistry laboratories and in woodworking
6.1.1.6. Colors of Health Hazard symbols
6.1.1.6.1. Hazard pictograms alert us to the presence of a hazardous chemical. The pictograms help us to know that the chemicals we are using might cause harm to people or the environment. The GB CLP hazard pictograms appear in the shape of a diamond with a distinctive red border and white background. One or more pictograms might appear on the labelling of a single chemica
6.1.1.7. MSDS
6.1.1.8. Pipetting
7. unit 1
7.1. section 2
7.1.1. scientific method
7.1.1.1. Claim
7.1.1.1.1. Generally, a scientific claim is one that is based on systematic observation and evidence. It's designed to be far more reliable than any other kind of claim you could make
7.1.1.2. Evidence
7.1.1.2.1. Scientific evidence is evidence that serves to either support or counter a scientific theory or hypothesis, although scientists also use evidence in other ways, such as when applying theories to practical problems
7.1.1.3. Reasoning
7.1.1.3.1. Scientific reasoning has been defined as a problem-solving process that involves critical thinking in relation to content, procedural, and epistemic knowledge
8. unit 1
8.1. section 4
8.1.1. scientific method
8.1.1.1. DRY
8.1.1.1.1. Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid
8.1.1.2. MIX
8.1.1.2.1. In chemistry, a mixture is a compound made up of two or more chemical components that are not chemically linked. A mixture is a physical blend of two or more substances that preserve their identities and are blended in the form of solutions, suspensions, or colloids
8.1.1.3. LENSES
8.1.1.3.1. A lens is a piece of transparent material, usually circular in shape, with two polished surfaces, either or both of which is curved and may be either convex (bulging) or concave (depressed). The curves are almost always spherical; i.e., the radius of curvature is constant
8.1.1.4. Label and List
8.1.1.4.1. A label is a piece of paper, plastic film, cloth, metal, or other material affixed to a container or product, on which is written or printed information or symbols about the product or item. Information printed directly on a container or article can also be considered labelling
8.1.1.5. Equation
8.1.1.5.1. Chemistry A written representation of a chemical reaction, in which the symbols and amounts of the reactants are separated from those of the products by an equal sign, arrow, or a set of opposing arrows. For example, Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 = CaSO4 + 2H2O, is an equation
8.1.1.6. Notice
8.1.1.6.1. the fact of observing or paying attention to something
8.1.1.7. Speculate
8.1.1.7.1. "speculation", I mean making a statement about the physical world with near zero evidence to back up the claim. Let us look at instances where speculation is non-productive in science, and then the instance where it is productive
8.1.1.8. Explain/Evaluate
8.1.1.8.1. to judge or determine the significance, worth, or quality of; assess: to evaluate the results of an experiment
8.1.1.9. Summary
8.1.1.9.1. Summarizing a full text, or large sections of text, is a strategy that helps readers make meaning of complex science material. When summarizing, a reader is identifying what a section is mostly about
9. Vocabulary Terms
9.1. Unconformities
9.1.1. Put simply, an unconformity is a break in time in an otherwise continuous rock record. Unconformities are a type of geologic contact—a boundary between rocks—caused by a period of erosion or a pause in sediment accumulation, followed by the deposition of sediments anew
9.2. Angled unconformity
9.2.1. An angular unconformity is a type of unconformity in which younger flat rock layers were deposited over older tilted, eroded rock layers
9.3. Disconformity
9.3.1. 1 : nonconformity. 2 : a break in a sequence of sedimentary rocks all of which have approximately the same dip
9.4. Nonconformity
9.4.1. Nonconformities are unconformities that separate igneous or metamorphic rocks from overlying sedimentary rocks. They usually indicate that a long period of erosion occurred prior to deposition of the sediments (several km of erosion necessary
9.5. Correlation
9.5.1. Correlation is a statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two or more variables fluctuate in relation to each other.
9.6. Key Bed
9.6.1. marker bed, also called Key Bed, a bed of rock strata that are readily distinguishable by reason of physical characteristics and are traceable over large horizontal distances. Stratigraphic examples include coal beds and beds of volcanic ash
9.7. Geologic Time Scale
9.7.1. The geologic time scale is the “calendar” for events in Earth history. It subdivides all time into named units of abstract time called—in descending order of duration—eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages.
10. unit 1
10.1. section 6
10.1.1. scientific method
10.1.1.1. Vocabulary Terms
10.1.1.2. Uniformitarianism
10.1.1.3. Absolute Age
10.1.1.4. Relative Age Dating
10.1.1.5. Sediment
10.1.1.6. Strata
10.1.1.7. Relative Age
10.1.1.8. Superposition
10.1.1.9. Original Horizontality
10.1.1.10. Lateral Continuity
10.1.1.11. Inclusions
10.1.1.12. Cross Cutting Relationships
10.1.1.13. The fossil record
10.1.1.14. Mass Extinctions
11. Unit 2 - Module 1- Lesson 1
11.1. Reference Point
11.1.1. something that is used to judge or understand something else. The professor used the study as a reference point for evaluating and discussing other theories
11.2. Position
11.2.1. In science, motion is defined as a change in position. Position is the location of the object (whether it's a person, a ball, or a particle) at a given moment in time. Displacement is the difference in the object's position from one time to another
11.3. Displacement
11.3.1. When a body moves from one position to another, the shortest(straight line) distance between the initial position and final position of the body, represented by an arrow that points from starting position to final position, is known as its displacement
11.4. Speed
11.4.1. Speed is the time rate at which an object is moving along a path, while velocity is the rate and direction of an object's movement. Put another way, speed is a scalar value, while velocity is a vector
11.5. Average Speed
11.5.1. The average speed is the total distance traveled by the object in a particular time interval. The average speed is a scalar quantity. It is represented by the magnitude and does not have direction
11.6. Velocity
11.6.1. Velocity is a vector expression of the displacement that an object or particle undergoes with respect to time
11.7. vector
11.7.1. A vector is a quantity or phenomenon that has two independent properties: magnitude and direction. The term also denotes the mathematical or geometrical representation of such a quantity. Examples of vectors in nature are velocity, momentum, force, electromagnetic fields and weight
11.8. Distance Time Graphs
11.8.1. A distance-time graph shows how far an object has traveled in a given time.
12. Unit 2 - Module 1 - Lesson 2
12.1. Acceleration
12.1.1. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Usually, acceleration means the speed is changing, but not always.
12.2. Forces
12.2.1. In science, the word 'force' has a precise meaning. At this level, it is completely appropriate to describe a force as a push or a pull. A force is not something that an object contains or 'has in it'. A force is exerted on one object by another. The idea of a force is not limited to living things or non-living things
12.3. Contact Forces
12.3.1. Contact forces are forces that act between two objects that are physically touching each other
12.4. Newtons 2nd Law of motion
12.4.1. Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object depends upon two variables – the net force acting on the object and the mass of the object. The acceleration of the body is directly proportional to the net force acting on the body and inversely proportional to the mass of the body
12.5. Friction
12.5.1. Image result for definition Friction science friction, force that resists the sliding or rolling of one solid object over another.
12.6. Free Body Diagram
12.6.1. A free-body diagram is a drawing of a part of a complete system, isolated in order to determine the forces acting on that rigid body
12.7. Net Force
12.7.1. In mechanics, the net force is the vector sum of forces acting on a particle or object. The net force is a single force that replaces the effect of the original forces on the particle's motion
12.8. Newtons 1st Law of motion
12.8.1. An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force
13. Unit 2 - Module 1 - Lesson 3
13.1. Newtons 3rd law of motion
13.1.1. His third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. If object A exerts a force on object B, object B also exerts an equal and opposite force on object A
13.2. Force Pairs
13.2.1. The term force pairs comes from Newton's third law of motion. This law tells us that whenever a force is acted upon an object, that object acts back with an equal force in the opposite direction of the action force
13.3. Normal Forces
13.3.1. The normal force is the force that surfaces exert to prevent solid objects from passing through each other. Normal force is a contact force. If two surfaces are not in contact, they can't exert a normal force on each other
13.4. Collision Forces
13.4.1. collision, also called impact, in physics, the sudden, forceful coming together in direct contact of two bodies, such as, for example, two billiard balls, a golf club and a ball, a hammer and a nail head, two railroad cars when being coupled together, or a falling object and a floor
13.5. Elastic Collision
13.5.1. Image result for definition of Elastic Collision science An elastic collision is a collision in which there is no net loss in kinetic energy in the system as a result of the collision. Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved quantities in elastic collisions
13.6. Inelastic Collision
13.6.1. An inelastic collision is a collision in which there is a loss of kinetic energy. While momentum of the system is conserved in an inelastic collision, kinetic energy is not
14. Unit 2 - Module 1 - Lessons 4
14.1. Noncontact Force
14.1.1. A non-contact force is a force applied to an object by another body that is not in direct contact with it. Non-contact forces come into play when objects do not have physical contact between them or when a force is applied without any interaction
14.2. Gravitational Force
14.2.1. The force of gravity, or gravitational force, pulls objects with mass toward each other. We often think about the force of gravity from Earth. This force is what keeps your body on the ground. But any object with mass exerts a gravitational force on all other objects with mass
14.3. Gravitational Field
14.4. Gravitational Force and Mass
14.5. Gravitational Force and Distance
14.6. Gravity in our solar system
14.7. Gravitational Acceleration
14.8. Weight
14.9. General Relativity
15. unit 2 - module 3 - leasson 1
15.1. Magnet
15.1.1. Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that are mediated by a magnetic field, which refers to the capacity to induce attractive and repulsive phenomena in other entities
15.2. Ferromagnetic Elements
15.2.1. Ferromagnetism is a kind of magnetism that is associated with iron, cobalt, nickel, and some alloys or compounds containing one or more of these elements. It also occurs in gadolinium and a few other rare-earth elements
15.3. Magnetic Force
15.3.1. a consequence of the electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature, and is caused by the motion of charges.
15.4. Magnetic Poles
15.4.1. magnetic pole, region at each end of a magnet where the external magnetic field is strongest
15.5. Magnetic Fields
15.5.1. All magnets have magnetic poles or regions at the end of a magnet where the magnetic field is strongest. These are referred to as north and south poles. The magnetic field lines are concentrated at the poles where the magnetic force is the greatest
15.6. Compasses
15.6.1. A device used to determine geographical direction, usually consisting of a magnetic needle mounted on a pivot, aligning itself naturally with the Earth's magnetic field so that it points to the Earth's geomagnetic north or south pole.
15.7. Magnetic Strength
15.7.1. A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity and to the magnetic field
15.8. Magnetic Potential Energy
15.8.1. energy stored in a system
15.9. Magnetic Domain
15.9.1. a region within a magnetic material in which the magnetization is in a uniform direction.
15.10. Nonmagnetic Materials
15.10.1. hose materials that are not attracted by a magnet
15.11. Magnetic Materials
15.11.1. A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, etc. and attracts or repels other magnets
15.12. Temporary Magnet
15.12.1. a magnet made of soft iron, that is usually easy to magnetize;
15.13. Permanent Magnets
15.13.1. A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, etc. and attracts or repels other magnets.