1. 16.3 Radical Reconstruction, 1867-1872
1.1. THE RECONSTRUCTION ACTS
1.1.1. The 1867 act divided the ten southern states that had yet to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment into five military districts
1.1.1.1. martial law was imposed on the ten states
1.1.1.2. a Union general was sent to each military district
1.1.1.2.1. they were sent to protect freed people
1.1.1.2.2. they were also there to oversee elections
1.1.1.3. Only after new states constitution had been written and states had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment could these states rejoin the Union
1.1.1.4. President Johnson vetoed the acts
1.1.1.4.1. he believed they were unnecessary and unconstitutional
1.2. THE IMPEACHMENT OF PRESIDENT JOHNSON
1.2.1. process to remove a president
1.2.2. Johnson was vetoing almost all of Congressional reconstruction initiatives
1.2.2.1. Freedmen
1.2.2.2. Civil Rights
1.2.2.3. Radical Reconstruction
1.2.3. Johnson openly supported white supremacy
1.2.3.1. supported black codes
1.2.3.2. opposed the 14th amendment
1.2.4. However, even though Johnson was unethical and annoying, he really did not commit an impeachable offense according to the Constitution
1.2.4.1. the President does have the right to Veto
1.2.5. Tenure of Office Act
1.2.5.1. requires the President to get Senate approval to dismiss cabinet members
1.2.5.2. Johnson dismissed a member of his Cabinet without written approval
1.2.5.2.1. this is what Congress uses to impeach Johnson
1.2.6. Impeachment is a 2 layer process
1.2.6.1. has to be approved by the Senate and the House
1.2.6.2. Impeached in the House
1.2.6.2.1. then went to the Senate for trial
1.2.6.3. Johnson technically was impeached, but remained President
1.2.6.3.1. however, he was incredibly quiet and passive after
1.3. THE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT
1.3.1. In the winter of 1869, Republicans introduced another constitutional amendment, the third of the Reconstruction era
1.3.1.1. finally extend to black men the right to vote
1.3.2. Ulysses S. Grant
1.3.2.1. elected President
1.3.2.2. Republican
1.3.2.3. his support for reconstruction helped with the ratification of the 15th amendment
1.3.3. universal manhood suffrage
1.4. WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE
1.4.1. the 15th amendment reignited discussions about women's suffrage
1.4.2. primary leaders of the cause
1.4.2.1. Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1.4.3. Frederick Douglas
1.4.4. National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA)
1.4.4.1. continue to fight for women's voting rights
1.4.4.1.1. 1920 - 19th Amendment/gave women the right to vote
2. 16.4 The Collapse of Reconstruction
2.1. BUILDING BLACK COMMUNITIES
2.1.1. with emancipation, former slaves sought to build their own communities
2.1.1.1. often involved reclaiming rights that were denied during the Antebellum era (before the Civil War)
2.1.2. marriage
2.1.2.1. before emancipation, slaves were not allowed to marry - it was illegal
2.1.3. gender roles
2.1.3.1. under slavery, gender roles were usually denied
2.1.3.1.1. enslaved men and women worked in similar ways
2.1.4. education
2.1.4.1. slaves were not allowed to read or write
2.1.4.2. establishment of more schools
2.1.5. family bonds
2.1.5.1. during the Cotton surge, many families were separated
2.1.5.2. after emancipation, one of the first things former slaves did was try to find their family members
2.2. SHARECROPPING
2.2.1. former slaves that went North, mostly found jobs in factories
2.2.1.1. those that stayed in the South found work through sharecropping
2.2.2. sharecropping basically emerges out of necessity
2.2.2.1. former slaves had little to no land/no land ownership
2.2.2.1.1. one suggestion was redistributing land from former Confederate leaders
2.2.2.1.2. General Sherman
2.2.3. you are working someone else's land
2.2.3.1. the sharecropper actually pays the land owner for the supplies needed to work the land
2.2.3.1.1. then they give the crops and profits back to land owner, but it usually was not enough to pay back the original amount borrowed (owed)
2.2.4. crop-lien system
2.2.4.1. a system to borrow from a land owner
2.2.4.2. high interest rates
2.2.4.3. prompted dependency & extreme debt
2.2.5. most former slaves became sharecroppers
2.3. THE "INVISIBLE EMPIRE OF THE SOUTH"
2.3.1. the KKK - Ku Klux Klan
2.3.1.1. an organization that used terror and violence to prevent radica reconstruction
2.3.1.2. founded by Nathan Bedford Forrest
2.3.1.3. vigilante terrorism
2.3.1.4. violence
2.3.1.4.1. mostly motivated by politics
2.3.2. President Johnson was impeached - the first president to be impeached
2.3.2.1. The next president was Ulysses S. Grant
2.3.2.1.1. former Union General
2.3.3. Grant's response
2.3.3.1. he was not opposed to using force
2.3.3.1.1. Enforcement Acts (Force Acts)
2.3.3.1.2. Ku Klux Klan Act
2.4. "REDEEMERS" AND THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION
2.4.1. South
2.4.1.1. a surge of "redeemers"
2.4.1.1.1. people who wanted to redeem the Confederacy
2.4.2. Republican decline
2.4.2.1. the Republicans start to lose momentum & influence
2.4.2.2. many Americans began to oppose Republican ideas on other issues, and as a result Republican ideas about reconstruction also started to become less popular
2.4.2.3. economy
2.4.2.3.1. bad downturn in the economy 1873
2.4.2.4. Liberal Republicans
2.4.2.4.1. limited government
2.4.2.5. Scandals
2.4.2.5.1. increase in political corruption
2.4.3. Colfax Courthouse (Massacre)
2.4.3.1. **most infamous instance of Reconstruction violence
2.4.3.2. an all-black militia took control of the local courthouse in April 1873
2.4.3.2.1. more than 150 white men, most former Confederate soldiers and members of the Ku Klux Klan surrounded the Colfax Courthouse
2.4.3.3. violence was too common
2.4.3.3.1. Northerners began to lose interest in keeping a presence in the South, or helped enforce emancipation
2.5. THE CONTESTED ELECTION OF 1876
2.5.1. Grant did not run
2.5.2. Supreme Court
2.5.2.1. limited the power of reconstruction amendments
2.5.3. 1876 election
2.5.3.1. Rutherford B. Hayes (R)
2.5.3.2. Samuel Tilden (D)
2.5.3.3. incredibly close
2.5.3.3.1. Special election commission
2.5.4. Compromise of 1877
2.5.4.1. ** the end of Reconstruction!!!
2.5.4.2. declared Hayes won the presidency
2.5.4.3. in exchange for the Democrats, federal troops were removed from the South
2.5.4.3.1. HOWEVER, the 13th, 14th, & 15th amendments were being enforced by federal troops in the South
3. 16.1 Restoring the Union
3.1. THE PRESIDENT'S PLAN
3.1.1. aka Lincoln's Plan or the "Ten Percent Plan"
3.1.1.1. voting population
3.1.1.1.1. 10% of the voting population take an oath of allegiance to the U.S.
3.1.1.2. Emancipation
3.1.1.2.1. slavery officially abolished
3.1.1.3. for the most part, Lincoln was pretty forgiving to confederate states
3.1.1.3.1. EXCEPT towards high ranking confederate leaders - they would be excluded from positions of leadership in the Union
3.1.1.3.2. Lincoln really wanted to unite the country as soon as possible, and without any additional pain
3.1.1.4. this plan was very lenient
3.1.1.4.1. Radical republicans were not happy about the Ten Percent plan - they thought Lincoln was being to easy on former Confederates
3.1.1.4.2. Radical Republicans supported the Wade-Davis Bill
3.2. THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT
3.2.1. John Wilkes Booth
3.2.1.1. April 14, 1865 - assassinated President Lincoln
3.2.1.1.1. while attending a play at Ford's Theater
3.2.1.1.2. The president died the next day
3.2.1.1.3. ultimately FROZE the process of reconstruction
3.2.2. 3 reconstruction amendments - 13th, 14th, 15th
3.2.2.1. In December 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment was officially ratified and added to the Constitution
3.2.2.1.1. President Lincoln never saw the final ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment
3.2.2.1.2. The first amendment added to the Constitution since 1804, it overturned a centuries-old practice by permanently abolishing slavery
3.2.2.1.3. it took some time for the news to travel to every state
3.2.3. Juneteenth
3.2.3.1. June 19th
3.2.3.1.1. originates from TX
3.2.3.2. a celebration of the abolition of slavery
3.3. ANDREW JOHNSON AND THE BATTLE OVER RECONSTRUCTION
3.3.1. when Lincoln dies, his VP Andrew Johnson takes over
3.3.1.1. Johnson was a Southern Democrat
3.3.1.1.1. a Southern sympathizer
3.3.1.1.2. was a senator from TN
3.3.1.1.3. humble beginnings
3.3.1.1.4. he believed in white supremacy
3.3.1.1.5. from a legal perspective, he actually disagreed with the South seceding from the Union, although he basically supported their cause
3.3.1.2. Lincoln made him his VP in an attempt to show unity
3.3.1.3. Johnson had a different plan for reconstruction
3.3.1.3.1. similarities to the Ten Percent Plan
3.3.1.3.2. differences to the Ten Percent Plan
4. 16.2 Congress and the Remaking of the South, 1865-1866
4.1. THE FREEDMEN'S BUREAU
4.1.1. a government institution designed to assist former slaves
4.1.1.1. provide immediate and long-term assistance
4.1.1.1.1. shelter
4.1.1.1.2. food
4.1.1.1.3. public schools
4.1.2. there were also smaller/private institutions that attempted to help former slaves
4.1.2.1. ex: American Missionary Association (AMA)
4.1.2.1.1. helped former slaves
4.1.2.1.2. Christian organization
4.1.2.1.3. example of popular action
4.1.3. renewing the Bureau charter
4.1.3.1. Presidential Veto
4.1.3.2. the Bureau was only set to last for one year
4.1.3.2.1. Johnson vetoed the renewal
4.1.3.2.2. Congress kept bringing it up for renewal
4.1.3.2.3. continual fight
4.2. BLACK CODES
4.2.1. series of state laws that sought to legislate the Black/White relationship
4.2.2. Labor contracts
4.2.2.1. emancipation meant that there were no more workers for Southern plantations
4.2.2.1.1. no more forced/FREE labor
4.2.2.1.2. no more forced/FREE labor
4.2.2.2. required black Americans to be signed to a labor contract
4.2.2.2.1. catch 22*
4.2.2.2.2. "neo-slavery"
4.2.2.2.3. create a new system of slavery
4.2.2.2.4. if black Americans did not sign, they were arrested and then forced to perform labor anyway
4.2.3. Maintain white supremacy/white control
4.2.3.1. black codes were intended to regulate the culture of white supremacy in the South
4.2.3.1.1. basically two sets of laws
4.2.4. greatly upsets Republicans in Congress
4.2.4.1. they try to take action to stop the growing phenomenon
4.2.4.1.1. *Congress passes laws, really the only tool they have
4.3. THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT
4.3.1. The Fourteenth Amendment stated, “All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside”
4.3.1.1. It gave citizens equal protection under both the state and federal law, overturning the Dred Scott decision
4.3.1.1.1. It eliminated the three-fifths compromise of the 1787 Constitution, whereby slaves had been counted as three-fifths of a free white person
4.3.1.2. The amendment also answered the question of debts arising from the Civil War by specifying that all debts incurred by fighting to defeat the Confederacy would be honored
4.3.1.3. grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States"
4.3.1.3.1. 13th Amendment - abolished slavery
4.3.2. process of ratifying an amendment
4.3.2.1. just like passing a law, there needs to be a 2/3 majority vote in Congress
4.3.2.1.1. BUT, the next requirement is 3/4 of all states need to vote for the ratification as well