1. Development & Evolution
1.1. Prrimates
1.1.1. Apes were guided and directed. They did not learn how to converse or share language completely. They did not ass to their vocabulary.
1.1.2. Animal responses may have been due to unconscious nonverbal cuing
1.1.3. Koko; Lucy
1.2. Communication to Language
1.2.1. Pre-language or any of the stages in the development of speech that precede full-fledged language, exsited.
1.2.2. Most anthropologists reserve language for humans
1.2.3. Homo sapiens
1.2.3.1. spread from Africa, Asia, to Europe to Americas; All modern human derive from this species
1.2.3.2. 300,000 years ago
1.2.4. Design features of language
1.2.4.1. an underlying set of prominent characteristics governing the functioning of speech
1.2.4.2. Vocal-auditory channel
1.2.4.3. Broadcast transmission and directional reception
1.2.4.4. Rapid fading
1.2.4.5. Interchangeability
1.2.4.6. complete feedback
1.2.4.7. specilization
1.2.5. Evolution Product
1.2.5.1. Continuity theory
1.2.5.2. Discontinuity theory of language evolution
1.2.6. Language Death
1.2.6.1. When the last speaker dies
1.2.6.2. different from language change
1.2.6.3. prevention: diversity, ethnic identity, repositories of history, sum of human knowledge, fascinating
2. Acquiring Languages
2.1. Childhood
2.1.1. Reflexive: 8-10 moths
2.1.2. Vocal: 6 moths
2.1.3. Babbling: 6-12 moths
2.1.4. Age 1: one word
2.1.5. Age 1-2: two words, 200 vocabulary
2.2. Language acquisition
2.2.1. Behaviorist psychology theory
2.2.1.1. B.F. Skinner
2.2.1.2. An inborn capacity of children to acquire their mother tougue without any formal attempt to teach it to them
2.2.2. Innatist theory
2.2.2.1. Noam Chomsky
2.2.2.2. humans have innate to learn communication but we do not imitate exactly what is learned
2.2.2.3. critical-age theory
2.2.2.4. Lateralization
2.2.3. Sociocultural theory
2.2.3.1. Elinor Ochs
2.2.3.2. no correlation
2.2.4. The brain
2.2.4.1. Cerebrum
2.2.4.2. cerebral cortex
2.2.4.3. left thalamus
2.2.4.4. Broca's aphasia
2.2.4.5. Wernicke's aphasia
3. Language thru Time
3.1. Classification
3.1.1. language family
3.1.2. language isolates
3.2. Changes
3.2.1. Assimilation
3.2.1.1. The influence of one speech sound on the articulation of another so that both become similar or identical
3.2.2. Dissimilation
3.2.2.1. The influence of one speech sound on the articulation of another so that they become less alike
3.2.3. Metathesis
3.2.3.1. Alteration in the normal sequence of linguistic elements
3.2.4. Loan Words
3.3. How and why sound changes
3.3.1. Hypercorrection
3.3.1.1. an alteration of a speech habit based on a false analogy or compaison
3.3.2. Reconstructing protolanguages
3.3.2.1. Original territory occupied by ancestral group would be limited
3.3.2.2. vocabulary of ancestral group would be specific to main features of culture
3.3.2.3. daughter language of the original language must share linguistic similarities that can be traced thorugh justifiable assumptions of cognates
4. Variation & Contact
4.1. Idiolects
4.1.1. the speech variety of a single individual
4.2. Dialects
4.2.1. People may develop a particular way of saying something due to geography, occupation, education, economic status
4.3. Styles
4.3.1. Lexical and phonological distinctions
4.3.2. Standard: the prestige variety of a language used by a speech community under usually formal circumstances
4.4. Language contact
4.4.1. Travel, trade, migration, wars, intermarriage
4.4.2. die, mix, born
4.5. pidgins
4.5.1. a form of spoken communication with greatly reduced grammatical structure and limited vocabulary that is used by speakers of mutually unintelligible language
4.5.2. China Coast pidgin, Maori pidgin
4.5.3. allows for cross-cultural communication
4.5.4. Pidgins are demonstrations of adaptation to new social circumstances (Crystal 2020)
4.6. Creoles
4.6.1. The process of expansion of a pidgin to fully serve a speech community
4.7. language contact
4.7.1. Japanese-English
4.7.2. Lingua Franca: a language used as a common means of communication between people speaking different native languages
5. Ethnography
5.1. Social context
5.1.1. linguistic competence
5.1.2. communicative competence
5.2. Speech community
5.2.1. All those who share a language variety as well as specific rules for speaking and interpreting speech
5.3. Speech area
5.3.1. An area in which speakers of different languages share speaking rules
5.4. Units of speech behavior
5.4.1. Speech situations
5.4.2. Speech act
5.4.3. Speech event
5.5. Components of communication
5.5.1. Participants
5.5.1.1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nj7Tgjefjrs
5.5.2. Setting
5.5.3. Purpose
5.5.4. Channels
5.5.5. Genre
5.5.5.1. http://southpark.cc.com/clips/vtlbkh/cant-stop-being-sarcastic
5.5.6. Rules of interaction and norms of interpretation
6. Language, Culture, and Thought
6.1. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
6.1.1. the relationship between language and thought; the belief that language determines the way speakers perceive e the world around them
6.2. Chomsky and Unversalim
6.2.1. language is an innate human trait
6.2.2. a Martian scientist would conclude that all earthlings speak dialects of the same language
6.3. Cultural determinism
6.3.1. culture determines how language and thought become manifested
6.3.1.1. "language is not a mirror of reality; reality is a mirror of language"
7. Language & Ideology: Class, race, & Ethnicity
7.1. Language ideology
7.1.1. belief about a language held by its users as rationalization for their conceptions
7.2. Gender
7.2.1. Genderlects
7.2.1.1. the variety of speech used by a specific gender
7.3. Class
7.3.1. social power theory
7.3.1.1. the differences found between man's and women's speech reflect the different degrees of power or status each gender holds in society
7.3.2. Communicative strategy
7.3.2.1. the speakers tend to value their language according to its usefulness and prestige in socioeconomic situations
8. Introduction
8.1. Anthropology: the holistic study of humankind.
8.1.1. Biological anthropology;
8.1.2. Cultural anthropology
8.1.3. Linguistic anthropology
8.1.3.1. "The study of language as a cultural resource and speaking as a cultural practice" -A. Duracnti
8.2. Franz Boas (1858-1942)
8.2.1. Held first Academic position in anthropology in the US
9. Methods
9.1. Themes
9.1.1. Structuralism
9.1.1.1. analyze and describe the world's languages, and trace the historical relationships and typologies
9.1.1.1.1. Phonology
9.1.1.1.2. Morphology
9.1.1.1.3. Syntax
9.1.1.1.4. Lexicon
9.1.1.1.5. Semantics
9.1.2. Chomsky's generative grammar
9.1.2.1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Cgpfw4z8cw
9.1.2.2. I-language, internalized knowledge
9.1.2.3. E-language, speech produced by speakers under external conditions
9.2. Paradigms
9.2.1. Anthropological linguistics
9.2.2. Sociolinguistics
9.2.3. Social constructivism
9.2.4. Cognitive linguistic anthropology
9.3. Participant observation
9.3.1. The immersion of anthropological fieldworkers for an extended period in the day-to-day activities of the people whom they study. (Stanlaw et al. 24)
9.3.2. consultants
9.3.2.1. local informant
10. Phonology
10.1. the sound structure of language and its analysis. (Stanlaw et al. 36)
10.1.1. phone: The smallest segment of speech
10.1.2. Phonemes: the smallest distinctive sound unit of a language
10.2. Prosodic features
10.2.1. Stress
10.2.2. pitch
10.2.3. length
10.2.4. Accents
11. Morphemes & Morphology
11.1. morphemes- smallest meaningful segments (Stanlaw et al. 76)
11.1.1. free morphemes- unattached to other morphemes
11.1.1.1. lexical
11.1.1.2. functional
11.1.2. bound morphemes- do not occur on their own
11.1.2.1. derivational
11.1.2.2. inflectional
11.2. Morphological process
11.2.1. derivation-new words are formed from existing ones
11.2.2. inflection-use affixes to indicate grammatical relationships
12. Nonverbal communication
12.1. transmission of signals accomplished by means other than spoken words
12.2. Semiotics: the study of properties of signs and symbols and their functions in communication (Stanlaw et al. 87)
12.3. Paralanguage-features of vocal communication that is considered marginal or optional (Stanlaw et al. 90)
12.3.1. voice qualifiers-marginal features of vocal communication as tempo and intensity
12.3.2. voice characterizers- modification of the speaking voice the occur when one talks while laughing, yawning, crying, etc.
12.3.3. Vocal segregates- extralinguistic sounds used in expressing concern, excitement, disapproval, and other attitudes or feelings
12.3.4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvEci5Bjgd4
12.4. Kinesics-The study of body motions used in communication associated with body language.
12.4.1. Kineme- smallest discriminable contrastive unity of body motion
12.4.1.1. shrug, eye-contact
12.5. Proxemics- the study of the cultural patterning of the spatial separation individuals maintain in face-to-face interactions
12.5.1. intimate zone
12.5.1.1. touch, comforting, heat, etc.
12.5.2. public
12.5.2.1. speeches, teaching, formal business transactions, etc.
12.5.3. Culture differs in their practices
13. Culture & Cognition
13.1. The lexical natural of concepts
13.1.1. Connotation
13.1.1.1. meaning, or meanings, associated with a word in addition to its literal meaning
13.1.2. Denotation
13.1.2.1. a relationship between a lexeme and that to which the lexeme refers
13.1.3. Polysemy
13.1.3.1. single lexeme that carries more than one meaning
13.1.4. Homonymy
13.1.4.1. two different lexemes that have similar appearance
13.2. Meaning in Discourse and Conversation
13.2.1. Speaker's actions
13.2.1.1. commissive
13.2.1.2. directives
13.2.1.3. expressives
13.2.1.4. declarations
13.2.1.5. representatives
13.2.2. Conversational structure examination
13.2.2.1. conversational analysis
13.2.2.2. discourse analysis
14. Language & Gender
14.1. Robin Lakoff
14.1.1. Difference approach
14.1.2. Dominance approach
14.2. Gender
14.2.1. learned
14.2.2. collaborative
14.2.3. not something we have, but something we do
14.2.4. asymmetrical
14.3. Women
14.3.1. promoting intimacy
14.3.2. egalitarian societies
14.3.3. negotiate and satisfy others
14.4. Men
14.4.1. establishing their autonomy
14.4.2. build hierarchies
14.4.3. physical tussles over possession rights, raising their voices