1. Unit 4
1.1. Module 1
1.1.1. Lesson 1
1.1.1.1. Photosynthesis: Series of chemical reactions that turn light, water and carbon dioxide in sugar that feeds the plant and gives off oxygen
1.1.1.2. Epidermal leaf cells: The epidermal layer is the outer most layer of a leaf, and this can also applies to human skin
1.1.1.3. Cuticle: The cuticle is a waxy covering that the outer leaf layer cells produce
1.1.1.4. Stomata: Located at the bottom of the plant and allow water, sunlight and carbon dioxide into the plant
1.1.1.5. Mesophyll Cells: There are 2 of these cells in a leaf. Photosythesis occurs in these 2 cells. The names are palisade parenchyma (Located at the top) and spongy mesophyll (Located at in spaces on the leaf)
1.1.1.6. Chloroplasts: Organelles (a structure that has one or more jobs to perform in the cell) of plant cells that contain pigments that are chemicals used to absorb light.
1.1.1.7. Chlorophyll A and B: These are pigments that cause plants to appear green. They are responsible for absorbing light too.
1.1.1.8. Light Cycle: When the sun is up, chlorophyll A and B take in sunlight, water and carbon dioxide. The light splits water and carbon dioxide into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is kept as a food source and the oxygen is released since keeping oxygen is useless for a plant.
1.1.1.9. Night Cycle: When the sun disappears, the stored hydorgen is used. Then carbon dioxide is turned into a solid form of sugar
1.1.1.10. Different sugars: Different plants produce different sugars. Gluctose is the most common sugar produced by plants though. Plants use these sugars as energy immediatly or they can store the sugars for later use
1.1.1.11. Cellular Respiration: The process where organisms use oxygen to break down food to obtain the chemical energy that they use to fuel cells
1.1.1.12. Glycolysis: Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration. This step is where you get energy from sugar. This is where you split the sugar. The next step varies if there is oxygen present or not. If there is no oxygen, you go through fermentation which is the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria which involves giving off heat
1.1.1.13. Mitochondria: If there is oxygen present, you go to this step. The mitochondria is located in a cell. It burns the sugar into ATP and generates the body heat. This setp needs oxygen to work and it also releases carbon dioxide when burning the sugar
1.1.1.14. Lactic Acid Fermentation: This is an animal fermentation (Chemical breakdown of a substance by giving off heat). If fermantation occurs in an animal, it will create energy and something called lactic acid
1.1.1.15. Ethanol Alcohol Fermentation: This can create different beverages. The fermentation of plant cells can create an alchohol called ethyl alchohol. This is a plant fermentation
1.1.2. Lesson 2
1.1.2.1. Producers: The plants that create energy using photosynthesis. The beginning of the food web
1.1.2.2. Consumers: The vegetarian consumers that eat the producers.
1.1.2.3. Primary Consumer: A consumer that eats the main consumers.
1.1.2.4. Secondary Consumer: The consumer that eats the primary consumers.
1.1.2.5. Tertiary Consumer: The highest consumer that eats the secondary consumers
1.1.2.6. Detritivores: Organisms that decompose dead matter
1.1.2.7. Food Chain: A food chain shows who eats who. Shows how energy is moved through the chain
1.1.2.8. Food Web: A group of food chains that form an ecosystem
1.1.2.9. Energy Pyramid / 10 % rule: Energy pyramid is a pyramid which shows how energy is transferred. The 10% rule means that 10% of each kcal is transferred up each level
1.1.3. Lesson 3
1.1.3.1. - Cellular Respiration: The process where organisms use oxygen to break down food to obtain the chemical energy that they use to fuel cells. Carbon being breathed out as CO2
1.1.3.2. - Photosynthesis: The process which plants use to create energy using sunlight
1.1.3.3. - Sedimentation: Carbon skeletons being compressed into rock
1.1.3.4. - Decomposition: Carbon breaks down into fossil fuels
1.1.3.5. - Fossil Fuels: A fuel that comes from dead animals buried under the earth+carbon
1.1.3.6. - Combustion: Release carbon from fossil fuels as CO2
1.1.3.7. - Evaporation / Transpiration: Evaporation is the turning of liquid to gas from nonliving things. Transpiration is the turning of liquid to gas from living things.
1.1.3.8. - Condensation: Water forms clouds in the air
1.1.3.9. - Precipitation: When the water stored in the clouds falls back down to Earth in the form of rain/snow
1.1.3.10. - Run Off: Water falls down and hits mountains and carves rivers, then flows back into lakes or oceans
1.1.3.11. - Seepage: Water absorbed into the ground
1.1.3.12. - Cellular Respiration: The process where organisms use oxygen to break down food to obtain the chemical energy that they use to fuel cells
1.1.3.13. - Photosynthesis: The process which plants use to create energy using sunlight
1.1.3.14. - Precipitation: The water brings nitrogen gas down to earth in the water
1.1.3.15. - Nitrogen Fixation: This process turns nitrogen into ammonia
1.1.3.16. - Ammonification: Bacteria turns the ammonia into nitrite
1.1.3.17. - Nitrification: Bacteria turns the nitrite into nitrates
1.1.3.18. - Assimilation: Plants take up the nitrate/fertilizer
1.1.3.19. - Denitrification: The nitrate is restored back into nitrogen gas
1.2. Module 2
1.2.1. Lesson 1
1.2.1.1. Biosphere: The highest level and all living organisms on the planet
1.2.1.2. Biome: Regions on Earth with similar climates
1.2.1.3. Ecosystems: Include all organisms and nonliving things in an area
1.2.1.4. Communities: Communities include all interacting organisms in an area
1.2.1.5. Populations: Includes all members of the same species that lives in one place
1.2.1.6. Organism: A single organism
1.2.1.7. Abiotic: Nonliving things but affect living organisms
1.2.1.8. Biotic: Living organisms
1.2.1.9. Limiting Factor: Determines how many species can be in an area (Depends on food, water and shelter)
1.2.1.10. Biotic Potential: Potential growth in perfect conditions with no limiting factor
1.2.1.11. Carrying Capacity: The largest number of a species that an ecosystem can support
1.2.1.12. Overpopulation: Too much of a species in an area that it affects the enviroment
1.2.1.13. Extinction: When a species dies off completely with none left in the world
1.2.1.14. Endangered Species: Species that are about to be extinct
1.2.1.15. Threatened species: Species that are about to become endangered animals
1.2.2. Lesson 2
1.2.2.1. Symbiosis: Interaction between organisms in the enviroment
1.2.2.2. Commensalism: Interaction where one animal benefits and the other isn't affected
1.2.2.3. Parasitism: Interaction where one animal benefits and the other is harmed
1.2.2.4. Mutualism: Interaction where both animals benefit
1.2.2.5. Cooperative Relationships: A relationship about how animals of the same species interacts
1.2.2.6. competitive Relationship: Relationship where organisms sharing the same habitat compete for a resource
1.2.2.7. Predator-prey relationship: Where one organism eats another organism
1.2.3. Lesson 3
1.2.3.1. Ecological succession: The process of when one ecological community changes into another
1.2.3.2. Climax Community: A community that can no longer can go through any huge ecological process
1.2.3.3. Primary succession: Occurs in areas of new land with little vegetation
1.2.3.4. Secondary succession: Secondary succession is when an ecosystem is destroyed and needs to rebuild
1.2.3.5. Eutrophication: When the water becomes rich from fertilizer from farming and algae appears in the water, closing off oxygen which kills all aquatic animals
1.2.3.6. Dynamic Equilibrium: The balance between different parts of an ecosystem
1.2.3.7. Resource Extraction: When humans extract oil and fossils fuels and cause problems for the enviroment from drilling and deforestation
1.2.3.8. Pollution: When toxic contaminants enter the enviroment and cause negative change
1.2.3.9. Nonnative species: When species appear outside of its natural land
2. Unit 1
2.1. Module 1
2.1.1. Lesson 1
2.1.1.1. Module 1
2.1.1.1.1. Lesson 1
2.1.2. Lesson 2
2.1.2.1. Jacques Charles: An inventor who invented the Charles Law. He discovered a connection between tempurature and the volume of gas.
2.1.2.2. Volume Temperature Law: The law that states if the tempruature decreases, then the volume of the gas will decrease as well.
2.1.2.3. Thermal Contraction: Thermal contraction is when you cool something down and the molecules lose energy. Then the material shrinks.
2.1.2.4. Thermal Expansion Definition: When you heat something up and the molecules move faster which causes the material to grow or move.
2.1.2.5. Systems Definition: A system is a set of things that work together
2.1.2.6. Heating Definition: The process of warming something up or providing heat.
2.1.2.7. Pressure definition: The force of on an object that it is in contact with
2.1.2.8. Phase change definition: Phase change is where one state of matter changes to another state of matter (Liquid to gas, liquid to solid)
2.1.2.9. Melting defnition: The state where a solid turns into a liquid and the molecules go faster.
2.1.2.10. Freezing defnition: The state where a liquid turns into a solid and the molecules move slower.
2.1.2.11. Condensation Defnition: Condensation is where gas turns into a liquid state. The molecules slow down.
2.1.2.12. Vaporization defnition: Vaporization is where liquid turns into a gas state. The molecules speed up. In vaporization, it can happen in any area of the water, not just the surface.
2.1.2.13. Boiling vs. Evaporation: Evaporation only happens on the surface while boiling can happen under water. Boiling is also faster than evaporation.
2.1.3. Lesson 3
2.1.3.1. Module 1
2.1.3.1.1. Lesson 3
2.1.4. Lesson 4
2.1.4.1. Molecules- A group of atoms held together by chemical bonds and work together to act as a unit.
2.1.4.2. Nonmetal Gases- A gas that is made up of 2 atoms that are the same and has high potential energy and high kinetic energy. This gas does not conduct electricity or thermal energy.
2.1.4.3. Nonmetal Solids- A solid that has a dull structure and the attractions are low. The solid is a poor conducter of electricity and thermal energy.
2.1.4.4. Metals- Metal are shiny and conduct electricy and thermal energy very well. They can form extended sturctures too.
2.1.4.5. Ionic compounds- Made of atoms with opposite charges. This type of compound means that the atoms give the electrons to the other atom.
2.1.4.6. Covalent Compounds- A compound where the 2 atoms share the electrons
2.1.4.7. Polar Covalent Compounds- Compounds that have a negative charge and a positive charge that sticks it together.
2.1.4.8. Nonpolar Covalent Compounds- Similar atoms that do not pull in one direction or another.
2.1.4.9. Dissolving- Where something dissolves which turns something into a solution
3. Unit 1
3.1. Module 2
3.1.1. Lesson 1
3.1.1.1. Qualitative Characteristics Definition: A characteristic that you have to observe
3.1.1.2. Quantitative Characteristics Definition: A characteristic thta you have to measure
3.1.1.3. Mass Defintion: The amount of matter in a substance. It is measured by kilograms (Kg) or Grams (g).
3.1.1.4. Weight Definition: The measure of gravity on an object.
3.1.1.5. Volume Definition: The amount of space something takes up in the world.
3.1.1.6. Density Definition: How tight the molecules of an object are packed together
3.1.1.7. Chemical Properties Definition: A characteristic of matter that can be watched when it changes into a different matter
3.1.1.8. Flammability Definition: The ability to burn easily
3.1.1.9. Oxidation Definition: Occurs when substancesreact to oxidizing agents which changes it to a new substance.
3.1.1.10. Reactivity Definition: A substance reacts to another substance, changing the substance into a new substance.
3.1.1.11. Solubility Definition: The ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance.
3.1.2. Lesson 2
3.1.2.1. Chemical Changes Definition: When a substance combines with another substance to create a new substance.
3.1.2.2. Chemical Reactions Definition: A change in substance that occurs when 2 or more substnaces combine to form something new.
3.1.2.3. Chemical Equations Definiton: An equation used to represent a chemical reaction
3.1.2.4. Products Definiton: The equation on the right side of a chemical equation
3.1.2.5. Reactants Definiton: The equation on the left side of a chemical equation
3.1.2.6. Coefficients Definition: The coefficient of a chemical equation is the number before the element(s) that shows how much elements there are of it.
3.1.2.7. Antoine Lavoisier Definition: The person who discovered that it is not possible to make new atoms. Also, after a chemical reaction, the mass remains the same.
3.1.2.8. Law of conservation of mass Definiton: The law that states that the number of atoms/the mass remains the same in a substance no matter what you do with it. No new atoms appear.
3.1.2.9. Atomic Mass Definiton: The amount of atoms in a substance
3.1.3. Lesson 3
3.1.3.1. Chemical Potential Energy Definition: The energy that is released when it forms bonds
3.1.3.2. Endothermic Reaction Definition: The reaction when the substance is cold and absorbs heat
3.1.3.3. Exothermic Reaction Definition: The reaction when the susbtance feels hot an sends out thermal waves
3.1.3.4. Concentration in reactions definition: Increasing concentration increases collisions of particles
3.1.3.5. Law of conservation of energy Definition: The law that states that energy cannot be destroyed nor created
4. Unit 2
4.1. Module 1
4.1.1. Lesson 1
4.1.1.1. Pangea Definition: A supercontinent where all of the continents are connected
4.1.1.2. Continental Drift Defintion: The movement of continents over time
4.1.1.3. Rock formation evidence: Similar rock formations found oceans apart
4.1.1.4. Glacial features evidence: Glaciers found in hot areas near the equator
4.1.1.5. Coal Deposit evidence: Coal is created by plants and in order for plants to form, it must be warm. Cold and unhabital places have been found with coal.
4.1.1.6. Fossil Evidence: Similar fossils found on continents that are far apart
4.1.1.7. Alfred Wegener Definition: A scientist who first began the theory of Pangea
4.1.2. Lesson 2
4.1.2.1. Ocean Floor topography Definition: Data about the map of the sea floor
4.1.2.2. Mid ocean ridges Definition: Places where 2 plates spread apart from each other and form a gap in the ocean
4.1.2.3. Ocean trenches Definition: Where 1 plate slides under another plate and forms a deep gpa in the ocean
4.1.2.4. Isochron Maps Definition: Maps that show the age of the sea floor
4.1.2.5. Seafloor spreading Definition: When new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and gets destroyed at trenches
4.1.2.6. Magma Definition: Molten rock that flows beneth the surface
4.1.2.7. Lava Definition: Molten rock that flows above the surface
4.1.2.8. Plate Tectonics Definition: Slabs of rock that makes up Earth's surface
4.1.3. Lesson 3
4.1.3.1. Convergent Boundary: When two plates move toward each other
4.1.3.2. Divergent Boundary: When two plates move apart from each other
4.1.3.3. Transform Boundary: When 2 plates slide horizontally past each other (An earthquake)
4.1.3.4. Subduction Definition: When 1 plate slides under another plate
4.1.3.5. Fault Definition: A crack in Earth's crust where movement occurs
4.1.3.6. Fault Block Mountains Definition: Mountains formed when tension strech's the Earth's crust
4.1.3.7. Volcano Definition: A vent in Earth's surface in which lava flows out
4.1.3.8. Volcanic Arc Definition: Multiple volcanos that form along a plate boundary
4.1.3.9. Earthquake Definition: When 2 plates slide horizontally past each other
4.1.3.10. Fault Zone Definition: An area where there are many fractured pieces of crust
4.1.3.11. Landslide Definition: When loose soil and rocks tumble downhill
4.1.3.12. Tsunami Definition: A large wave caused by an ocean disturbance
4.1.3.13. Impact Crater Definition: A piece of land where an asteriod crashed into and left a crater
4.1.4. Lesson 4
4.1.4.1. Physical Weathering Definition: Physically disintegrating rocks and soil
4.1.4.2. Frost Wedging: When water feeezes up in cracks and turns into ice, forcing the rock apart
4.1.4.3. Plant Action: Roots from plants dig into soil and rocks and break them apart
4.1.4.4. Abrasion: Process of wearing something away
4.1.4.5. Wind Abrasion: Impact of suspended paricles on a solid object
4.1.4.6. Water Abrasion: When susbstances carried by water wear down the banks of rivers or rocks
4.1.4.7. Glacial Abrasion: Pieces of rocks that are connected to glaciers that grind over pieces of land as the glacier slides by
4.1.4.8. Chemical Weathering: Chemically breaking down rocks or soil
4.1.4.9. Oxidation Definition: When something gains oxygen or loses hydorgen
4.1.4.10. Hydrolysis Definition: Where water breaks down chemical bonds that exist between substances
4.1.4.11. Carbonation Definition: When rain mixes with carbon dioxide to create carbonic acid
4.1.4.12. Erosion Definition: When a particle is transerfered to a new place
4.1.4.13. Deposition Definition: Depositing/dropping off something somewhere
4.1.4.14. Small Scale Erosion Definition: Small amount of stuff being transfered around
4.1.4.15. Surface runoff Definition: Water flows over the Earth's surface
4.1.4.16. Coastal Erosion Definition: When waves and wind carry away beach and mountains
4.1.4.17. Large Scale Erosion Definition: Large erosion where it can wipe away lots of land
4.1.4.18. Mass Wasting Definition: When large amounts of soil or rock fall downhill
4.1.4.19. Glacial Movement Definition: Large blocks of ice that move slowly over land
4.1.5. Lesson 5
4.1.5.1. Rock Definition: A solid made of smaller rock fragments and other organic substances
4.1.5.2. Mineral Definition: An inorganic susbtance that is naturally occuring
4.1.5.3. Crystallization Definition: When particles dissolve in lava/magma and form crystals
4.1.5.4. Igneous extrusive rock Definition: A rock that is made of lava that cools on Earth's surface
4.1.5.5. Igneous intrusive rock Definition: A rock that is made of magma that cools below Earth's surface
4.1.5.6. Sedimentary rock Definition: Rocks formed from once existing rocks or animals
4.1.5.7. Lithification Definition: The process where sediment turns into rock
4.1.5.8. Compaction Definition: The weight from layers of sediment pushes out fluids and squeezes together grains
4.1.5.9. Cementation Definition: Minerals that dissolve in surrondiing waters crystallize in between sediment grains
4.1.5.10. Metamorphic rock Definition: When tempurature and pressure change the texture of a rock without melting it
5. Unit 2
5.1. Module 2
5.1.1. Lesson 1
5.1.1.1. Earthquakes and plate boundaries Definition: Earthquakes a caused by pressure releaed from plates. Plate boundaries are boundaries between 2 tectonic plates.
5.1.1.2. Richter Magnitude scale Definition: A scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes
5.1.1.3. Earthquake magnitude scale Definition: The scale goes up to 10, the highest, and 0, the lowest.
5.1.1.4. Moment magnitude scale Definition: Measures an earthquakes magnitude depending on the seismic moment
5.1.1.5. Modified Mercalli intensity scale Definition: The scale estimates the intensity of an earthquake dpeending on the effect it has on houses and people
5.1.1.6. Pancaking Definition: When a large building's lower floor collapses and the top stacks on the lower floor
5.1.1.7. Liquefaction Definition: Making something, usually gas, into liquid
5.1.1.8. Landslide Definition: When there is a large amount of rock or soil sliding down a mountain/hill
5.1.1.9. Tsunami Definition: A large ocean wave caused by a disturbance underwater
5.1.2. Lesson 2
5.1.2.1. Volcano Belts Definition: Volcano's that form at a plate boundaries with earthquakes going on
5.1.2.2. Hot Spots Definition: A part of land that is remarkably hotter than other ones. The magma is closer to the surface.
5.1.2.3. Mudflows Definition: Sometimes called lahars. A mix of melted snow/ice and ash
5.1.2.4. Lava flows Definition: Slow moving lava that hardens as it cools down
5.1.2.5. Volcanic Ash Definition: The ash that rain down from the sky after a volcano erupts. It can cloud the sky for days.
5.1.2.6. Volcanic Gases Definition: The volcanoes spew out sulfer dioxide and CO2
5.1.2.7. Pyroclastic Flows Definition: A fast moving avalanche that has rock and ash
5.1.2.8. Predicting volcanoes - Gas Definition: Specific types of gas are spewed out before an eruption
5.1.2.9. Predicting volcanoes - Deformation Definition: The volcano may grow bigger as more magma enters it
5.1.2.10. Predicting volcanoes - Ground Vibration Definition: The ground will shake slightly as the magma builds up in the volcano
5.1.2.11. Predicting volcanoes - Remote Sensing Definition: The ground will get hotter as magma rises up to the surface
5.1.2.12. Predicting volcanoes - Lava Collection Definition: Help know whats going on in the magma chambers below the Earth
5.1.3. Lesson 3
5.1.3.1. Hurricane Definition: Tropical storms that occur on warm water. Usually hurricanes occur in the Atlantic Ocean
5.1.3.2. Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale: A scale that measures how strong a hurricane is from 1-5
5.1.3.3. Tornado Definition: A cyclone of strong wind caused by a mix of warm and cold air. Tornadoes form only on flat land
5.1.3.4. Enhanced Fujita Damage Intensity scale Definition: A scale that measures how strong a tornado is from 0-5
5.1.3.5. Flood Definition: A large ampount of water that is moved past its boundaries
5.1.3.6. Drought Definition: An extended period of time without/little amount of rainfall
5.1.3.7. Drought hazard - soil erosion Definition: When soil gets dry and causes plants to die
5.1.3.8. Drought hazard - wildfires Definition: Fires that occur in dry places and are hard to contain. Usually caused by a lightning strike
5.1.3.9. Drought hazard - decrease in water supply Definition: Lakes and rivers dry up and decrease water supply
5.1.3.10. Drought hazard - agricultural impact Definition: With the lack of water, crops and plants dry up, causing food supply to run low
5.1.3.11. Meteorologists: People who record and predict the weather
6. Unit 3
6.1. Module 1
6.1.1. Lesson 1
6.1.1.1. Natural resource Definition: A resource that comes from the natural world/occur in nature
6.1.1.2. Ores Definition: Rock/sediment that can be mined
6.1.1.3. Renewable Resources Definition: Resources that can be used over and over again and will never run out
6.1.1.4. Nonrenewable resources Definition: Resources that are being used up faster than they can be replaced. They will eventually run out
6.1.2. Lesson 2
6.1.2.1. Hydrothermal deposits Definition: Gathering of minerals in fracture as a result of the circulation of magma in Earth's crust
6.1.2.2. Subduction Zones Definition: An area where 1 plate slides under another plate
6.1.2.3. Distribution of minerals Definition: Most minerals form at the bottom of the ocean other than on land and in caves. Form when minerals crystalize due to fluids that react to rocks
6.1.2.4. Soil Definition: Something that was created by rocks that got weathered down into something we use to plant crops in. They take over 20 years to be created.
6.1.2.5. 5 Factors of soil formation: Parent material, Climate, Topography, Living things and time
6.1.2.6. Formation of Coal: Dead plants get buried underground or underwater for a long time while pressure is squeezing it into coal
6.1.2.7. Formation of Oil and Natural Gas: Dead animals get buried underground for a long time while pressure squeezes it into oil/natural gas
6.1.2.8. Porosity Definition: The amount of space in the material
6.1.2.9. Permeability Definition: The waters ability to flow through soil, rock and sediment
6.1.2.10. Groundwater Definition: Water that soaks into the ground when it rains
6.1.2.11. Groundwater distribution: Ground water distribution depends on where the rain falls and if the rain lands on a runoff surface.
6.1.3. Lesson 3
6.1.3.1. Mining: The process of extracting minerls/gems/fossil fuels
6.1.3.2. Dwindling Deposits: Deposits are running out and minerals are becoming more rare
6.1.3.3. Mineral Supplies: The growing population is demanding more minerals which is affecting how much minerals are left
6.1.3.4. Fossil fuel extraction: Fossil fuels are being extracted by drilling which is called "fracking". This is bad for the groundwater and can pollute it
6.1.3.5. Groundwater overdraft: When groundwater is running out because of exesscive pumping
6.2. Module 2
6.2.1. Lesson 1
6.2.1.1. Material: Matter which a substance can come from
6.2.1.2. Natural Material: Materials that come from nature and isn't altered
6.2.1.3. Synthetic Material: Materials that came from nature but was changed/altered in a lab
6.2.1.4. Reactants to Products: It is called a chemical reaction. Synthetic materials go through this change.
6.2.2. Lesson 2
6.2.2.1. Natural Resource Availability: Resources are distributed unevely around the world. Depends on how much there is, how easy to geth and how expensive
6.2.2.2. Synthetic Material Production: Countries with access to natural resources can make synthetic materials
6.2.2.3. Individual and Societal impacts:The place that makes the synthetic material can improve. If other countries pay a lot for it, it can benefit the people, and if it benfits the people, it makes the people happy and if the people are happy, it encourages them to work harder to help improve the place/society they live in.
6.2.2.4. By-products: Secondary products that are a result from manufactoring process/chemical reaction