History of Visual Communications

1. Codex and Illuminated Manuscript

1.1. Scrolls

1.1.1. Construction

1.1.1.1. Long piece of continuous papyrus

1.1.1.2. separate sheets glued together at edges

1.1.2. Rolled

1.1.2.1. Rolled up

1.1.2.2. Wooden rollers at each end

1.1.3. only allowed for sequential access

1.1.3.1. reading or writing data records in sequential order, one record after another

1.2. Roman handwriting

1.2.1. Added lowercase letters and punctuation

1.3. Codex

1.3.1. covered and bound collection of handwritten pages

1.3.2. More advantages than a scroll

1.3.2.1. Compact

1.3.2.2. Sturdy

1.3.2.3. Ease of reference

1.3.2.4. More portable

1.3.2.5. Easier to organize in library

1.3.3. Christianity adopted for the early Bible

1.4. Parchment

1.4.1. Substrate made from animal skin, such as sheep, goats, and cows

1.4.2. How made

1.4.2.1. hair and fat removed and skin was smoothed out

1.4.2.2. hide was soaked in water.

1.4.2.3. calcium, flour, and salt were added

1.4.2.4. skin was stretched out, flattened, and dried

1.4.3. replaced papyrus

1.4.3.1. codex became more popular

1.5. Illuminated Manuscript

1.5.1. books created by monastic monks taking the creation to an art form; wrote all text by hand and drew elaborate illustration and ornamentation

1.5.2. Illuminations=borders, illustrations, and ornamentation added to each page of text

1.5.3. reserved for religious texts

1.5.3.1. work was laborious

1.5.4. Decline of creation

1.5.4.1. replaced by printing press

1.6. Scribes of church

1.6.1. monastic monks

2. Cave Paintings

2.1. beautiful, detailed, and colorful representations found on the inside of cave walls and ceilings

2.2. first form of graphic communications

2.3. 3 reasons they were created

2.3.1. story telling

2.3.2. religious reasons

2.3.3. instruction

2.4. Lascaux

2.4.1. Most famous cave painting site

2.4.1.1. closed due to paintings being damaged because of the carbon dioxide released by tourists

2.4.1.1.1. Lascaux II

2.4.2. Located in Lascaux, France

2.5. Altamira Cave

2.5.1. Located in Spain

2.5.2. Paintings have red hue because of the red clay in soil used to make the paint

2.6. Chauvet Pon d'Arc

2.6.1. Oldest known cave painting site

2.6.2. walls scraped clear of debris to make 3D effect

2.6.3. discovered by

2.6.3.1. Eliette Brunelll Deschamps

2.6.3.2. Christian Hillaire

2.6.3.3. Jean Marie Chavet

3. Sumerians

3.1. 3 things known about Sumerians

3.1.1. Theocratic culture ruled by a priest king

3.1.2. there were skilled artisans who created vases, bowls, and other types of pottery

3.1.3. music was important to them

3.2. Considered cradle of civilization because cuneiform was created

3.2.1. Cuneiform

3.2.1.1. System of writing that evolved form pictographs to wedge shaped language

3.2.1.2. Why created?

3.2.1.2.1. To keep track of business transactions

3.2.1.3. written on clay tablets

4. Egyptians

4.1. Hieroglyphics

4.1.1. Though religion and government were important enough to record

4.1.2. formal writing system that contained logographic and alphabetic elements

4.1.2.1. logograms

4.1.2.1.1. visual symbols representing ideas or objects

4.2. Books of the Dead

4.2.1. instructions and spells to help them find their way to the afterlife

4.3. Scribes

4.3.1. Who became scribes?

4.3.1.1. Military leaders

4.3.1.1.1. Became scribes to communicate while in battle

4.3.1.2. Priests

4.3.1.2.1. Became scribes to read and write instructions on walls and papyrus

5. Linotype Machine

5.1. Allowed operators' type to be set rather than by hand

5.2. First installed in The New York Tribune

5.3. Keyboard

5.3.1. 90 characters

5.3.2. No shift key

5.3.3. Separate keys for uppercase and lowercase letters

5.3.3.1. Black keys= lowercase letters

5.3.3.2. White keys= uppercase letters

5.3.3.3. Blue keys= punctuation, digits, small capital letters, and fixed width spaces

5.3.4. Arrangement of keys based on letter frequency

5.3.5. Same alphabet arrangement twice

5.4. Created a justified line of text

5.4.1. Using a spaceband

5.5. Changed newspaper industry

5.5.1. Made it possible for a small number of operators to set type for more pages on a daily basis

5.6. Name came from

5.6.1. Fact that it produces an entire line of type at once

5.7. Clephane looking for an easier way to transcribe his notes and legal briefs and to produce multiple copies

5.8. Slugs

5.8.1. Assembled line of type then cast as a single piece

6. Visual Communications

6.1. the exchange of information using words and/or text

6.2. Goal

6.2.1. to communicate a message to the target audience

6.2.1.1. Target Audience

6.2.1.1.1. people that we’re sending the message to

7. Typewriter

7.1. Christopher Sholes

7.1.1. only commercially successful typewriter

7.2. Stenographers

7.2.1. First and most important users

7.3. James Clephane

7.3.1. Tested Shole's typewriter

7.3.2. Approached Ottmar Mergenthaler to help with their typesetting machine

7.3.2.1. Suggested to have a casting type from a metal matrix versus papier-mache

7.3.2.1.1. Matrix

8. Photography

8.1. 4th century camera obscura

8.1.1. a way to observe light

8.1.2. “dark chamber” optical device that projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen

8.1.3. Changed in 17th and 18th centuries

8.1.3.1. shrunk to side of a portable box

8.1.3.2. image reflected on a ground glass

8.2. Greek Words for light and writing

8.3. Joseph Niepce

8.3.1. First successful photograph in 1827

8.4. Louis Daguerre

8.4.1. Daguerrotype

8.4.1.1. First practical photographic process

8.4.1.2. Image exposed on light-sensitive metal sheet, creating a direct positive image. Made permanent by immersing in salt

8.5. William Fox Talbot

8.5.1. Calotype process

8.5.1.1. Subject exposed onto a light sensitive paper, producing a paper negative

8.5.1.2. can duplicate images

8.6. Wet Collodion Process

8.6.1. Glass plates coated with collodion

8.6.1.1. Collodion= colorless syrupy solution of nitrocellulose in ether

8.7. Richard Maddox

8.7.1. Dry Plate Process

8.7.1.1. glass plates coated with gelatin

8.7.1.1.1. gelatin= colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues

8.8. George Eastman

8.8.1. Replaced fragile glass plates with photo-emulsion coated on paper rolls

8.8.2. Established Eastman Kodak Company

8.8.2.1. processed film for customers

8.8.3. Camera "brownie"

8.8.3.1. Made in 1990 to bring photography to the masses

8.9. James Clerk Maxwell

8.9.1. First color photograph

8.10. Edwin Land

8.10.1. Instant photography

8.10.1.1. one step process for developing and printing photographs

8.11. Eadweard Muybridge

8.11.1. Motion picture photography

8.11.2. device used to project a series of images in successive phases of motion

8.11.3. Settled debate if a horse's 4 hooves come off the ground at the same time during a gallop

8.11.3.1. Photographed it in motion

9. Computers

9.1. IBM

9.1.1. Developed IBM701 EOPM Computer

9.1.2. First high level programming language

9.1.2.1. FORTRAN

9.1.2.1.1. IBM Mathematical formula translating system

9.1.3. International Business Machine

9.2. Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper

9.2.1. Mark series of computers

9.2.1.1. Used by Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculation

9.3. John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly

9.3.1. First commercial computer

9.3.1.1. UNIVAC

9.3.1.1.1. Universal Automatic Computer

9.4. First computer game

9.4.1. Spacewar

9.5. Konrad Zuse

9.5.1. First freely programmable computer

9.6. Douglas Engelbart

9.6.1. Computer mouse

9.6.1.1. Made computers more user-friendly

9.6.1.2. Nicknamed because of "tail" that connected it to computer

9.7. First internet

9.7.1. ARPANET

9.7.1.1. To protect flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separate computers

9.8. INTEL

9.8.1. Intel 4004

9.8.1.1. First single chip process

9.9. First "memory disk"

9.9.1. Floppy disk introduced by IBM

9.10. Robert Metcalfe and Xerox

9.10.1. Developed first ethernet

9.11. Computers introduced during mid 1970's

9.11.1. Scelbi-Mark8, ALTRAIR, IBM 5100, Apple I and II, TRS-80 COMMODORE, PET

9.12. Bill Gates and Microsoft

9.12.1. Introduced Windows operating system in response to Apple's operating system

9.13. Apple

9.13.1. Apple Lisa in 1983

9.13.1.1. First personal computer with a GUI

9.13.1.1.1. GUI= Graphical User Interface

9.13.1.1.2. Xerox developed first GUI in computer

9.13.2. Introduced MS-DOS

9.13.2.1. Operating system packaged with IBM PC

9.13.2.1.1. PC= Personal computer

9.13.3. Introduced Macintosh in 1984

10. Phoenician Alphabet

10.1. Multiple theories for origin

10.1.1. Direct variation of hieroglyphics

10.1.2. Ties with cuneiform or an independent system

10.2. based on one sign represents one spoken sound

10.3. first widespread script

10.4. Was easier than other complex languages

10.4.1. Simple appearance had many effects

10.4.1.1. Disintegrated class divisions between royalty and common people

10.4.1.2. Used in multiple languages

11. The Gutenberg Press

11.1. Created by Johannes Gutenberg

11.1.1. Also introduced modern book printing

11.1.2. Also introduced oil-based ink

11.1.3. Invested in John Fust

11.1.3.1. Had an agreement

11.1.3.1.1. if Gutenberg could not repay the loan with interest after 5 years, Fust would get the press, tools, and materials

11.2. Developed from screw-type for pressing grapes and olive seeds

11.3. Moveable type system

11.3.1. First developed in China

11.3.2. the system of printing that uses moveable components to reproduce the elements of a document (individual letters and punctuation)

11.3.3. Carved from wood

11.4. Metal type

11.4.1. Quicker, more durable, and lettering was more uniform than wood type

11.4.2. Created with an alloy of lead, tin, and anitmony

11.4.2.1. Matrix

11.4.2.1.1. Hard metal punch hammered into a softer copper bar

11.5. Impacted communication

11.5.1. Perfected script and made it easier to read

11.5.2. Books made more rapidly

11.5.3. Current information could be shared locally and around the world

11.5.4. Cost decreased allowing more people to buy them

11.5.5. Demand grew. Population became more literate

11.5.6. Book trade began to flourish, as well as industries, such as papermaking

11.5.7. Economies became stronger

11.5.8. Art and science began to flourish, which led to the beginning of the Renaissance

11.6. First American News Weekly

11.6.1. The Boston Newsletter

11.6.1.1. Published by John Campbell

11.7. Lord Stanhope

11.7.1. Built a press completely from cast iron

11.7.1.1. Reduced force required while doubling the size of the printing area

11.8. Four major printing processes utilized today

11.8.1. Relief Printing

11.8.2. Intaglio

11.8.3. Porous Painting

11.8.4. Lithography