1. Speech sounds
1.1. Factors
1.1.1. Airstream
1.1.2. Vocal folds
1.1.3. Soft palate
1.1.4. Place of articulation
1.1.5. Manner of articulation
1.1.6. Tongue
1.1.7. Lips
1.2. Classified
1.2.1. Vowels
1.2.2. Consonants
2. Vowels
2.1. Pure vowels
2.1.1. Definition
2.1.1.1. Unchanging sounds
2.1.2. Classified
2.1.2.1. Tongue Position
2.1.2.1.1. Front: /iː/, /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/
2.1.2.1.2. Back: /uː/, /ʊ/, /ɑː/, /ɒ/, /ɔː/
2.1.2.1.3. Central / Mid: /ɜː/, /ə/, /ʌ/
2.1.2.2. Tongue Height
2.1.2.2.1. Mid - open/ mid -close: /e/, /ə/, /ɜː/, /ɔː/
2.1.2.2.2. Close (or high): /iː/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/, /uː/
2.1.2.2.3. Open (or low): /æ/, /ɑː/, /ɒ/, /ʌ/
2.1.2.3. Lip shape
2.1.2.3.1. Rounded: /ʊ/, /uː/, /ɒ/, /ɔː/, /ɑː/
2.1.2.3.2. Neutral: /ə/, /ʌ/, /ɜː/
2.1.2.3.3. Spread: /iː/, /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/
2.1.2.4. Vowel length
2.1.2.4.1. Long: /iː/ /uː/ /ɑː/ /ɔː/ /ɜː/
2.1.2.4.2. Short: /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /ə/ /e/ /ɒ/ /ʌ/ /æ/
2.2. Diphthongs
2.2.1. Definition
2.2.1.1. Vowel sounds that glide from one vowel to another within one syllable.
2.2.2. Classified
2.2.2.1. Closing: ending in either /ɪ/ or /ʊ/
2.2.2.2. Centering: ending in /ə/
3. Consonants
3.1. Definition
3.1.1. Produced with obstruction to the airstream by the organs of speech