1. History of US Education
1.1. Schooling has historically been in response to the certainty that family church or community could not provide the necessary tools needed to meet the needs of a literate person in a democratic society.
1.2. The school serves as the focal point for addressing societal issues.
1.3. There is little consensus on motives for school reform.
1.4. Morrill Act est. land grants in each county and state for public education.
1.5. Public education funding (in Alabama) sales tax income tax and property tax.
1.6. Emma Hart Willard, Troy University New york. First black college
1.7. JOHN DEWEY PROGRESSIVISM Father of Education
1.8. social movement, hygiene, social behavior.
1.9. Technology influence
1.10. Civil Rights Act 1963
1.11. Plessy vs Ferguson pf 1896
1.12. Brown Vs Topeka Board of Education 1954
1.13. Nation at Risk (reagen)
1.14. Goals 2000 ( Clinton)
1.15. NCLB (bush)
1.16. RTT (Obama)
1.17. Democratic-liberal school meets needs of the students
1.18. Radical-revisionist school-students should meet the lessons-it is everybody fault
1.19. Conservative School-keep the people in power
2. Philosphy
2.1. pragmatism-an approach that assesses the truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application.expanding enviroments encourages people to find processes that work to achieve their desired outcome Provide studetns with the knowledge to improve society
2.1.1. Role of teacher facilitator of learning activities
2.1.1.1. Methods learn individually as well as in groups
2.2. Realist-the world has meaning in their world they are gonna ask you why do we have to learn this?
2.2.1. present ideas in a clear and consistent manner, enable students to examing from an objective approach
2.2.1.1. Methods - lecture question and answer discussion.
2.3. Neo Marxism- Carl Marks -conflict theory-ideology, reproduction theory, resistance theory, The goal of education is to explore diffidences and to explore possibilities that may seem inherently impossible
2.3.1. Role an agent of change
2.4. Idealism-in education encourages students to search for truth. With truth comes responsibility (role of the teacher role model, provoke thought, to bring out what is already in their mind
2.4.1. Methods discussion, questioning lecture on material
2.5. Perennialism-focus on classic ideas, develop reason and moral qualities, emphasis on humanities and the great book, teachers set curriculum, focus on concept rather than facts, emphasis
2.6. Essentialism- emphasis is on academics, promotion is based on mastery of subject academically rigorous, curriculum is determined by administrators, curriculum consist of basic subjects, teaching across the curriculum
2.7. Progressivism Education based on needs and interest of students students learn by doing well as from textbooks through field trips and games emphasis on natural and social sciences ecperiential learning groupong b y interest and abilities
2.8. Existentialism Existence precedes essence, we are who we are as a result of our decisions, perception of the world is based on one ability to make sense of it, goal of education the focus is on the individual, cognitively and affectively Education liberated the individual from a chaotic world
2.8.1. Role of the teacher the reflective teacher enables students to be reflective students. It is a very personal teacher/ student relationship.
2.8.1.1. Methods- Each student has a different learning style. Helps students understand the world through posing questions, generating activities, and working together.
3. Sociology
3.1. Schools are agents of cultural social transmission
3.2. Students are taught the values and beliefs of the society for them to think and act like other members of society
3.3. Schools stratify students into tracks by curricular placements which results in how they are successful
3.4. Schools select students for educational mobility
3.5. Functionalism- poses that society is best when a consensus rules. Education creates the moral unity for social cohesion and harmony. Conflict is a breakdown of shared values. Conflict- poses that influential groups impose their will on subordinate groups.
3.6. Interactional-poses that society develops as a result of interactions between students and teachers. Conflict- schools are oppressive and students are rebellious. They are forced to attend . College degrees are primarily status symbols and do not indicate actual achievement. Where you go to school can determine your success more than achievement. Middle class organizations, lower social classes are at a disadvantage, speech patterns are a reflection of social class backgrounds
3.7. 5 Effects of School
3.7.1. Student Peer Groups and Alienation- Different peer groups or "clicks" Nerds, coolness, and athetes
3.7.2. Education and Inequality- Americans society resembles a triangle where most people are at the base. The top 2-% in the US possess 75% of the wealth, the top 2% of the world possess 80% of the wealth.
3.7.3. Inadequate schools- Affluent schools provide better social mobility that poorer schools
3.7.4. Tracking- tracking has a direct effect on student expectations and success.
3.7.5. Gender Biases- Men are still paid more for equivalent jobs- academics are leveling between the sexes- Schools are still perpetuating gender inequalities
3.7.6. Effect of schooling-Teacher Behavior-Teachers may have as many as 1000 interactions with students on a daily basis, The more teachers demanded from their students results in higher student self esteem and success
4. Pedagogy
4.1. Conservatist say that social efficiency has diluted the curriculum to the point that it has lost the purpose of trasnmitting one common culture
4.2. Social meliorists- reform society through schools also known as social reconstruction
4.3. communities reflect what is important to them as a society
4.4. Private school are gaining popularity becuase parents choose schools that support heir belief
4.5. Formal Curriculum-what is congnitively taught
4.6. informal or hiddeen curriculum-taught but not obvious to sight
4.7. Null Curriculum-what is not taught but is learned
5. Coleman Study
5.1. Coleman found that school organizational difference did not contribute to student outcomes as much as student body composition between schools
5.2. As a result lower class students should attend schools with the middle and upper class to improve their educational success
6. Educational reform
6.1. Societal, community,exonomic and plicital reforms-state takesovers
6.2. School Finacne reforms-where you are born or live determines your advantage for a good education
6.3. Full service schools-repair and educate the community
7. Politics Of Education
7.1. to prepare citizen to participate in political order
7.2. Conservative-think individual drive and dependent drive
7.3. Liberal-think government involvement regulates ensures fair treatment to all classes and they deserve it
7.4. Radical-schools prepare kids for different rolls in the economy
7.5. Neo Liberal- 1. Austerity 2. the market model 3. Individualism 4. State Intervention 5. Economic
8. Purposes of Schooling
8.1. Intellectual-cognitive skills in math, reading, science, history, language
8.2. Political-to indoctrinate people into a particular order of patriotism
8.3. Social- to help people be productive member of society
8.4. Economic- prepare students for occupation
9. the account ability act of 2013
9.1. if your school is considered failing you can take an allotment of money to pay for private school.
10. School Processes and Cultures
10.1. Teachers are in conflict with students. Curriculum v. social goals of students.
10.2. Administrators and teachers are in conflict with administration
10.3. Communities are in conflict with administration
10.4. Studies show that the principal establishes the goals levels of academic and social expectation and the effectiveness of discipline
10.5. John Goodlad says teachers must have a major part in reform.
11. Mimetic and Transformative
11.1. Mimetic is co nservative and says there is a basic core knowledge to be learned by all
11.2. Transformative- says that students needs should be the main focus of the curriculum
12. Equality of Opportunity
12.1. {ublic Education has been conceived as a social vehicle for minimizing the importance of wealth and class as a determenant of who shall get ahead
12.2. Americans believe that hard work, thrift and a bit of luck should determine who gets ahead
12.3. Social stratification-3 systems
12.3.1. Cast- a person's social level is determined by race or religion
12.3.2. Estate systems- a person's social level is determined by family value and worth
12.3.3. Class systems- a persons' worth is determined by their ability to overcome by personal achievement
13. Unequal Education Achievement
13.1. Functionalist theorists support the idea that each students' success is determined by their own hard work and desire to succeed
13.2. Conflict theorists support the idea that success is affected by their enviroment
13.3. Interantionists Theorists support that student success is determined by a comibination of factors such as family, social class schools and environment
13.4. Other factors that influence student success are
13.4.1. Student-centered factors such as family, peer group, community, culture and the student
13.4.2. School- centered factors include terachers, teaching methods, curriculum, school climate and teacher expectations.
14. School Reform
14.1. Highly effective teachers
14.1.1. A "calling for the profession
14.1.2. Professional knowledge
14.1.3. personal qualities
14.1.4. with-it-ness
14.1.5. instructional Effectiveness
14.1.6. good communicator
14.1.7. street smart
14.1.8. willing to go the extra mile
14.1.9. lifelong learner