~biometrics~

1. "paperization of identity" (Robertson)

2. paperization/digitization of the body

3. identification

4. identity

4.1. “The question ‘who is this person?’ leaches constantly into the question ‘what kind of person is this?’ Identification as an individual is scarcely thinkable without categories of collective identity” (Caplan and Torpey)

5. individualization

6. record keeping

7. authenticity of documents

7.1. the creation of a consistent/persistent paper identity

8. gender

8.1. some bodies get scrutinised more than others / in different ways (gender, race, health)

9. sources

9.1. Hirschfield passes

9.1.1. what these have in common is that they provide a way of making particular bodies legible to authorities - different ways of dealing with the paper self (gender) not appearing to match the physical self

9.1.1.1. “the creation of a ‘legible people,’ in James Scott’s phrase – a people open to the scrutiny of officialdom – has become a hallmark of modern statehood" (Caplan and Torpey)

9.2. passports were new because it was a general expansion - certain people: prisoners, patients, sex workers, migrants had a a longer history of identity documents

9.3. new "X" gender passports

10. facial recognition