P4C - The good the bad & the ugly

1. Sociocultural learning theories

1.1. Collaborative learning zone of proximal development and significant others (students at different levels helping each other out). (Vygotsky)

1.2. Learning by doing, experiential learning, classroom democracy and taking part in your own learning process (Dewey )

1.3. Positive environment (Urdan & Schoenfelder )

2. Metacognitive scaffolding

2.1. Complex problem solving is an iterative and cyclical process and involves ongoing monitoring and evaluation. Therefore, metacognition is critical for successful problem solving.

2.2. Conceptual scaffolding guides learners regarding what to consider and helps them reason through complex problems (Hannafin et al.)

2.3. Metacognition can compensate for absence of relevant domain knowledge (Wineburg 1998, 2001)

3. Cognitive Load

3.1. Distributed thinking (Lipman)

3.2. Redundancy Effect (Sweller)

3.3. Auditory memory is inferior to visual recognition memory (note)