1. Lecture 6: Learning and Memory
1.1. Learning and memory are intrinsically connected
1.2. Learning
1.2.1. Definition: act/process of gaining knowledge/ skill. Induces changes in the brain
1.2.2. Easier to learn by association
1.2.3. Non associative learning
1.2.3.1. Habituation/sensitization in Aplysia/Marine slug studies
1.2.3.1.1. Identical central nervous systems
1.2.3.1.2. Withdrawal of Siphon/gill by defensive reflex. Used as readout
1.2.3.1.3. Can be used to study habituation, sensitisation, short term and long term memory.
1.2.3.1.4. Simple cellular connection model
1.2.3.2. Perceptual learning
1.2.3.2.1. Learning via all sensory systems, visual information is most effective in learning.
1.2.3.2.2. perceptual short-term memory
1.2.4. Associative learning
1.2.4.1. Classical conditioning
1.2.4.1.1. Conditioning stimulus is linked to unconditioned stimulus leading to certain response. Strengthened by repetition.
1.2.4.1.2. Basis of classical conditioning described by hebbian plasticity.
1.2.4.2. Operant conditioning
1.2.4.2.1. Association between STIMULUS and RESPONSE. REINFORCING by negative or positive stimuli.
1.2.4.2.2. Model of instrumental conditioning
1.3. Memory
1.3.1. Definition process by which what is learned pesists over time. Stored and retrieved
1.3.2. From Psychological research, described as loss of memory over time. This lead to the differentiation of 2 memory life spans (long and short), and effect of repetition increased the lifetime of memory.
1.3.2.1. Primary(short-term) memory
1.3.2.1.1. Second-minutes
1.3.2.1.2. extension of present moment
1.3.2.2. Secondary(long-term) memory
1.3.2.2.1. Weeks-month
1.3.2.2.2. can be consulted by reaching back into the past
1.3.3. Consolidation: imprinting of information in the memory
1.3.4. Learning and memory storage processes
1.3.4.1. Papez circuit
1.3.4.1.1. Partially true for declarative memory
1.3.4.2. Mishkin's circuit
1.3.4.2.1. Nuclei basalis meynert involved in AD
1.3.5. Patient H.M.
1.3.5.1. bilateral removal of medial lateral lobe, including hippocampus
1.3.5.1.1. Retrograde amnesia
1.3.5.1.2. Anterograde amnesia
1.3.5.2. Brenda miller study
1.3.5.2.1. Ability to acquire new memories, cerebral function is needed
1.3.5.2.2. Medial temporal lobes (MTLs) are not required for immediate memory
1.3.5.2.3. MTL and hippocampus are NOT the ultimate storage devices
1.3.5.2.4. Some parts of memory do not require MTLs.
2. Lecture 7: P.P de Deyn lectures I (Recorded lecture follow up)
2.1. anxiety
2.2. free will
2.3. BPSD management
3. Lecture 1: novelty seeking(word)
4. Lecture 2: Cerebellum(word)
5. Lecture 3: Aggression and Pain (word document )
6. Lecture 8: Circadian rhythm
7. Lecture 4: Emotions
8. Lecture 9: Sleep, Memory and AD
9. Lecture 10: P.P de Deyn lectures II
10. Lecture 5: Frontal lobe behaviour
10.1. First 10 minutes missed, slides until motor cortex
10.2. Frontal Lobe
10.2.1. Motor cortex
10.2.1.1. Primary motor cortex
10.2.1.1.1. Slide pathways involvement sensory information
10.2.1.2. Supplementary motor area
10.2.1.3. Premotor cortex
10.2.1.3.1. Learning and executing complex movement using sensory input. (e.g. visual dorsal and ventral stream, proprioception of the hand)
10.2.1.3.2. Direction of movement
10.2.2. Broca's area
10.2.2.1. See lecture Cerebellum
10.2.3. Frontal eye field
10.2.3.1. Focusses visual attention
10.2.3.2. controls eye movement
10.2.3.3. saccadic movements
10.2.3.3.1. jumping like movements of eyes instead of smooth moving along object.
10.2.3.4. face/emotion identification
10.2.4. Prefrontal cortex
10.2.4.1. Phineas Gage
10.2.4.1.1. Change in personality after accident
10.2.4.1.2. Most important: various aspects "animal like behaviour"
10.2.4.2. Brodmann areas
10.2.4.2.1. structural differences in layers of neocortex, 52 total specifical area's.
10.2.4.2.2. Not the same as functional structures
10.2.4.2.3. Nissil staining
10.2.4.3. Cortical types
10.2.4.3.1. Agranular
10.2.4.3.2. Dysgranular
10.2.4.3.3. ....
10.2.4.3.4. ..
10.2.4.3.5. All types of neurons are involved in prefrontal cortex
10.2.4.4. Functional division
10.2.4.4.1. NEEDED FOR ASSIGNMENT
10.2.4.4.2. Dorsolateral PFC
10.2.4.4.3. Ventral medial PFC
10.2.4.4.4. Orbitofrontal cortex
10.2.4.4.5. Anterior cingulate cortex
10.2.4.5. Executive functions
10.2.4.5.1. CEO of the brain
10.2.4.5.2. Goal directed action and adaptive responses
10.2.4.5.3. Inhibitory control
10.2.4.5.4. Working memory
10.2.4.5.5. Cognitive flexibility
10.2.4.5.6. Slide common functions
10.2.4.6. Connectivity
10.2.4.6.1. Basal ganglia, Motor cortex, Cerebellum
10.2.4.6.2. Dorsomedial thalamic nuclei (thalamus)
10.2.4.6.3. Hippocampus, MTS
10.2.4.6.4. Cingulate cortex, amygdala
10.2.4.6.5. hypothalamus
10.2.4.6.6. Brainstem nuclei
10.2.4.7. Across species
10.2.4.7.1. ......
10.2.4.8. Pruning in brain development
10.2.4.8.1. Gray matter not required are "cut out" so that more functional connections can be made.
10.2.4.8.2. Starts in the back, moves to the front
10.2.4.8.3. Quick in childhood and slows down with age. 25 PFC is fully developed.
10.2.4.8.4. Upstairs(age 7, with reason, PFC already involved) and Downstairs(age 3, no reason) tantrum limbic development.
10.2.4.8.5. Teenager years, still PFC is not controlled, risk taking behaviour related to dopamine reward system and increased hormone levels
10.2.5. Frontal lobe syndroms
10.2.5.1. Dorsolateral (dysexcutive) PFC
10.2.5.1.1. Field dependent behaviour, Do behaviour that is connected with the object that is perceived (also lack design fluency)
10.2.5.1.2. Perseverative behaviour, same behaviour time and time again
10.2.5.1.3. Personaliry changes, less emotions against environment
10.2.5.2. Orbito frontal cortex
10.2.5.2.1. Diminished concern about consequences
10.2.5.2.2. Social disinhibition and increased impulsivity
10.2.5.2.3. logorrhea (verbal diarrhea)
10.2.5.2.4. Similar to child like behaviour since they also don't have this cortex developed (most at the front?)
10.2.5.3. Ventromedial PFC
10.2.5.3.1. Decreased social emotions and empathy
10.2.5.3.2. impaired personal and social decision making.
10.2.5.4. Anterior cingulate cortex
10.2.5.4.1. Reduction/lack off speach reduction = mutism, Do not move = Akinetic
10.2.5.4.2. Abulia, lack of will/initiative and have decreased ......
10.2.5.5. Neuropsychological Tests
10.2.5.5.1. Slide, what do they measure
10.2.5.5.2. Inhibitory control test
10.2.5.5.3. Working memory
10.2.5.5.4. Cognitive flexibility
10.2.5.5.5. Names of Tests that also include other aspects that are closely related to PFC function
10.2.5.5.6. NPI