1. Classification
1.1. Levels of driving automation
1.1.1. 0: No Driving Automation
1.1.1.1. Fully manual system
1.1.2. 1: Driver Assistance
1.1.3. 2: Partial Driving Automation
1.1.4. 3: Conditional Driving Automation
1.1.5. 4: High Driving Automation
1.1.6. 5: Full Driving Automation
1.1.6.1. Fully automated system
2. Advantages
2.1. Safety
2.1.1. Would eliminate accidents caused by driver error
2.1.1.1. because the sensor will detect the objects near the car
2.2. Welfare
2.2.1. relieve travelers from driving and navigation chores
2.2.1.1. allow drivers to have more time for leisure or work
2.3. Traffic
2.3.1. Can improve traffic flow, dramatically increase highway capacity and reduce or eliminate traffic jams
2.4. Costs
2.4.1. safer driving may lead to the reduction of the costs of vehicle insurance
3. Definition
3.1. A robotic vehicle that is designed to travel between destinations without a human operator.
3.2. Fully autonomous : a vehicle must be able to navigate without human intervention to a predetermined destination over roads that have not been adapted for its use.
4. Disadvantages
4.1. Safety
4.1.1. Fatal Accident
4.1.1.1. A Tesla Model S was involved when the autopilot was active in Williston, Florida on 7 May 2016
4.1.1.1.1. the car failed to apply the brakes
4.1.1.1.2. Driver was killed in a crash with an 18-wheel tractor-trailer
4.1.2. Collisions
4.1.2.1. Google self-driving cars have been involved in 14 collisions
4.2. Job losses
4.2.1. many drivers may loss their income and jobs
4.2.1.1. For example: more than 3.5 million truck drivers may loss their job in the U.S.
4.3. Environmental Impacts
4.3.1. Tesla's lithium-ion batteries contain nickel and cobalt
4.3.1.1. may release toxic during the process of refining
4.3.2. an incentive to live far away from cities
4.3.2.1. increasing travel distances
4.3.2.1.1. inducing more urban sprawl, more fuel consumption and an increase in the carbon footprint of urban travel
4.4. Secruity
4.4.1. hacking of the system may be involved
5. Current situation
5.1. Self-driving vehicles are not yet legal on most roads. In June 2011, Nevada, US became the first jurisdiction in the world to allow driverless cars on public roadways.
5.2. 2016: the U.S. Department of Transportation released its Federal Automated Vehicles Policy
6. Technology
6.1. SLAM
6.2. DATMO
6.3. RTLS
6.4. Senors involved
6.4.1. Lidar
6.4.2. Stereo vision
6.4.3. GPS
6.4.3.1. locate positional information
6.4.4. IMU
6.4.4.1. localize itself & refine its position estimate as well as to build a three-dimensional image of its environment
7. Benefits
7.1. 1-Safer roads
7.2. 2-Better Accessibility.
7.3. 3-Economic growth
7.4. 4-Protection of the enviroment
7.5. 5-New jobs
8. 2010: the Institute of Control Engineering of the Technische Universität Braunschweig demonstrated the first driverless car running on public streets in Germany
8.1. The first driveless car was used in europe
9. Companies developing and/or testing driverless cars
9.1. Audi
9.2. BMW
9.3. Ford
9.4. Google
9.5. General Motors
9.6. Volkswagen
9.7. Volvo
9.8. Telsa
10. History
10.1. 2011: the Freie Universität Berlin developed two driverless cars to drive in the innercity of Berlin
10.2. 2012: a Google self-driving car passed the test of running in a test route in the city of Las Vegas, Nevada
10.3. 2014: Tesla Motor announced its first version of AutoPilot for Model S cars
10.4. 2017: Audi announced that its new A8 will be fully self-driving for speeds up to 60 km/h using its Audi AI
11. Moral issues
11.1. The Trolley Problem
11.1.1. Can the driverless system help the driver to face the moral dilemma when accidents happen?