1. Marlett and Gordon
2. Immediate Determinants
2.1. High-Risk Situations
2.1.1. Negative Emotional States
2.1.1.1. Intrapersonal Perception of Situations
2.1.1.1.1. Boredom
2.1.1.1.2. Loneliness after work
2.1.1.2. Reactions2environmental events
2.1.1.2.1. anger about work
2.1.2. Interpersonal HRS >50%
2.1.2.1. interpersonal conflicts
2.1.3. Social Pressure 20%
2.1.3.1. Direct
2.1.3.2. Indirect
2.1.4. Positive Emotional States
2.1.5. Exposure
2.1.6. Testing willpower
2.1.7. NonSpecific Cravings
2.2. Coping
2.3. Sucessful Coping= High Self Efficacy
2.4. Outcome Expectancies
2.4.1. Immediate Gratification
2.4.2. Neglecting Delayed-ve consequences
2.5. Abstinence Violation Effect
2.5.1. Personal Failure
2.5.2. Stable, global internal factors
2.5.3. Inability to cope with HRS
3. Covert Antecedents
3.1. LifeStyle Factors
3.1.1. Internally fulfilling
3.1.2. Perceived External Demands
3.2. Cognitive Factors
3.2.1. Urges and Cravings
3.2.1.1. Craving - Subjective desire
3.2.1.2. Urge - Sudden
3.2.1.3. 2 Process
3.2.1.3.1. Past gratification
3.2.1.3.2. Anticipated Gratification