1. Intentional torts
1.1. Prima facie case
1.1.1. Act by D
1.1.2. Intent
1.1.2.1. Don't have to be specific. i.e. intentionally push and break P's arm, there's intent.
1.1.2.2. Transferred intent. Applies when commit 1) different tort; 2) against different person; 3) Both. Transfer to the tort that actually committed.
1.1.2.2.1. Invoked only if both the tort intended and the tort that results are one of the following: a) Assault; b) Battery; c) False imprisonment; d) Trespass to land; or e) Trespass to chattels.
1.1.2.3. There's no "incapability" defense
1.1.3. Causation
1.1.3.1. Causation is satisfied if defendant's conduct was a "Substantial factor"
1.2. Intentional tort to the person
1.2.1. Battery
1.2.1.1. D cause a harmful or offensive contact with the person of another
1.2.1.2. Harmful or offensive
1.2.1.2.1. - harmful if it causes actual injury, pain, or disfigurement. - offensive only if it has not been permitted or consent
1.2.1.2.2. "offensive" if not permitted to
1.2.1.2.3. Hyper-sensitive: if D knows that, D may be liable
1.2.1.2.4. Victim need NOT to be conscious of the touching
1.2.1.3. Act with the intent
1.2.1.3.1. Intent the Contact
1.2.1.4. Contact
1.2.1.4.1. Direct or indirect
1.2.1.5. To P's person
1.2.1.5.1. includes everything he's holding
1.2.1.6. No damage required
1.2.1.6.1. NO proof of actual harm required. Can recover nominal damages
1.2.1.6.2. "egg-shell-plaintiff" rule: D is liable for all harm flows from a battery
1.2.1.6.3. Punitive damages if acted outrageously or with malice
1.2.2. Assult
1.2.2.1. Cause reasonable apprehension of an imminent harmful or offensive bodily contact
1.2.2.2. Reasonable apprehension
1.2.2.2.1. Victim aware of the threat from D's act
1.2.2.2.2. NO body contact required
1.2.2.3. Imminent
1.2.2.3.1. future harm not sufficient
1.2.2.4. Words alone not sufficient, but can negate it
1.2.2.4.1. Mere words ok if D able to carry out the threat imminently and takes action
1.2.2.5. Intent to cause apprehension/the contact
1.2.2.6. No damage required
1.2.2.6.1. NO proof of actual harm required. Can recover nominal damages
1.2.2.6.2. Recover damages from physical harm flowing from the assault
1.2.2.6.3. Punitive damages may be available
1.2.3. False imprisonment
1.2.3.1. An act or omission on the part of defendant that confines or restrains plaintiff to a bounded area
1.2.3.2. know of or harm by it
1.2.3.3. Use of physical barriers, legal authority, refusing to provide a safe means of escape
1.2.3.3.1. If D refused to perform a duty to help a person escape
1.2.3.4. A shopkeeper can detain a suspected shoplifter for a reasonable time and in reasonable manner
1.2.3.5. No damage required
1.2.4. Intentional infliction of emotional distress
1.2.4.1. Intentionally or recklessly engages in extreme and outrageous conduct that cause the p severe emotional distress
1.2.4.1.1. + Continuous; P; D
1.2.4.2. Extreme and outrageous
1.2.4.2.1. Intolerable
1.2.4.2.2. D in a position of authority or influence over P
1.2.4.2.3. P has a heightened sensitivity
1.2.4.3. Damages
1.2.4.3.1. Public figures can't recover without actual malice
1.2.4.3.2. Private P can't recover re public concern
1.2.4.4. Towards third parties
1.2.4.4.1. bystander: Present and perceives, bodily injury
1.2.4.4.2. Immediate family member: Present and perceives, even no bodily injury
1.2.5. Defense
1.2.5.1. Consent
1.2.5.1.1. Express consent
1.3. Intentional Tort to property
1.3.1. Trespass to land
1.3.1.1. Physical invasion (tangible)
1.3.1.2. No requirement of damages
1.3.2. Trespass to Chattels
1.3.2.1. Interferes with P's right of possession - Damage / Steal
1.3.2.2. Intent - Mistaken belief that he owns the chattel is no defense
1.3.2.3. Damage - can be to the possession right
1.3.3. Conversion
1.3.3.1. Damage serious enough that D pays the full value
1.4. Defense
1.4.1. Consent
1.4.1.1. Express consent
1.4.1.2. Implied consent
1.4.1.2.1. body-contact sports
1.4.1.2.2. Necessary to save a person's life or other important interest
1.4.1.3. Capacity required
1.4.2. Self-defense, defense of others, defense of property
1.4.2.1. When is defense available?
1.4.2.2. Reasonable mistake
1.4.2.3. Reasonable force
1.4.3. Privilege of arrest
1.4.4. Necessity
1.4.4.1. Private - must pay for any injury he causes
1.4.4.2. Public
2. Harm to economic and dignity
2.1. Defamation
2.1.1. Common law
2.1.1.1. Defamatory language
2.1.1.2. of or concerning the P
2.1.1.3. Publication
2.1.1.3.1. To a third party
2.1.1.4. Damage to P's reputation
2.1.1.4.1. Libel - damage presumed
2.1.1.4.2. Slander - must prove special damage
2.1.2. Constitutional law
2.1.2.1. Falsity
2.1.2.2. D's fault
2.1.2.2.1. Public figure - must prove actual malice
2.1.2.2.2. Private person - must prove negligence + actual injury
2.2. Invasion of right to privacy
3. Negligence
3.1. Prima facie case
3.1.1. Duty, breach, actual and proximate cause, damage
3.1.2. Duty of care
3.1.2.1. owed only to foreseeable P
3.1.2.1.1. Rescuers, prenatal injuries, intended beneficiaries
3.1.2.2. Standard of care
3.1.2.2.1. The reasonable person
3.1.2.2.2. Professional, children, common carrier and innkeepers
3.1.2.2.3. Owners of land
3.1.2.3. Negligent infliction of emotional distress
3.1.2.3.1. Zone of danger; Physical symptoms
3.1.2.3.2. Bystander
3.1.2.3.3. special relationship (doctor&patient)
3.1.2.3.4. others like D's negligence
3.1.2.4. Affirmative duty to act
3.1.2.4.1. once D aid someone, must do so with reasonable care
3.1.2.4.2. Peril
3.1.3. Breach of duty
3.1.3.1. Res Ipsa loquitur
3.1.3.1.1. The accident would not normally occur unless D was negligent
3.1.4. Causation
3.1.4.1. Actual - "But for"
3.1.4.2. Legal
4. Nuisance
4.1. Private Nuisance
4.2. Public Nuisance
5. Product Liability
5.1. Intent
5.2. Negligence
5.2.1. Duty of care owed to foreseeable P, including bystander
5.2.2. Manufacturing defect - Defect would not usually occur without the manufacturer's negligence
5.2.3. Design defect - D knew or should've known of the danger
5.3. Strict liability
5.3.1. Any commercial supplier
5.3.1.1. if manufacturer is liable, then the whole chain could be liable
5.3.1.2. No strict liability for non-commercial supplier
5.3.2. Only to product, no services
5.3.3. Defective - as to be "unreasonably dangerous"
5.3.4. Without substantial change
5.4. Warranties
5.4.1. Merchantability
5.4.2. Fitness for a particular purpose
6. Strict liability
6.1. Liability for animal
6.1.1. Reasonably foreseeable damage done by a trespass of your animal
6.1.2. Liable to licensees and invitees for your wild animal
6.1.2.1. No strict liability for domestic animal, unless know of the dangerous propensities
6.2. Abnormally dangerous activity
6.2.1. forseeable risk of serious harm even when reasonable care is exercised
6.2.2. not common usage