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TEST PREP by Mind Map: TEST PREP

1. Temperature moderation

2. WATER CYCLE

2.1. GROUND WATER

2.2. ROOT UPTAKE

2.3. EVAPORATION

2.4. PRECIPITATION

2.5. TRANSPIRATION

2.6. CONDENSATION

2.7. RUNOFF

2.8. SEEPAGE

2.9. BIOLOGICAL RECYCLING

3. LAWS OF CONVERSATION OF MATTER

3.1. matter can not be created or destroyed, it can be TRANSFERRED and rearranged into different forms.

3.2. matter can undergoes physical or chemical change, no atoms are created or destroyed.

3.3. The cycling of elements makes life possible on earth because it ensures the molecules that build living things are constantly available.

3.4. RESERVOIR- A place where matter, such as water or carbon is stored.

3.5. BIOSPHERE- All life forms on Earth; plants, animals, bacteria, soil.

3.6. HYDROSPHERE- all water on Earth- includes saltwater and fresh water.

3.7. LITHOSPHERE- solid outer section of the Earth.

3.8. ATMOSPHERE- a thin layer of gasses that surround the Earth.

3.9. RESIDENCE TIME- average amount of time that a carbon atom stays in a reservoir.

3.10. PROCESS- the method in which atoms move from one reservoir to another.

4. CARBON CYCLE

4.1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS- plants converts CO2 from the atmosphere or ocean water into sugar in the biosphere.

4.2. PHYSICAL PROCESS- when carbon moves between reservoirs without the help of living organisms.

4.3. biological recycling process- when living organisms are involved in moving the carbon between reservoirs.

4.4. CELLULAR RESPIRATION- process used by plants and animals to create energy. O2 is used to break down sugar CO2 is a byproduct.

4.5. LIMESTONE^^^ in the notes section

4.6. CONSUMPTION- animals obtain their carbon by eating plants and other animals.

4.7. DECOMPOSITION- the process where dead plant and animal material is broken down by bacteria and returned to the soil.

4.8. FOSSIL FUEL FORMATION- when dead matter is buried without oxygen and experience a large amount of pressure and heat for millions of years.

4.9. COAL FORMATION- coal forms from the remains of plants that lived in swamps millions of years ago.

4.10. OIL AND NATURAL GAS FORMATION- these form from the decay of tiny marine organisms that accumulated on the bottom of the ocean millions of years ago. These remains were buried in sediments heated until they became energy- rich carbon based molecules.

4.11. VOLCANIC ACTIVITY- volcanoes melt carbonate rocks such as: limestone and marble and release the carbon into the atmosphere as CO2 gas.

4.12. ABSORPTION- when carbon is pulled from the atmosphere into the ocean. this is the source of ocean acidifcation - excess carbon from the atmosphere is being pulled into the ocean.

4.13. COMBUSTION- humans burn fossil fuels to produce energy and run engines. this adds extra CO2 into the atmosphere.

4.14. DEFORESTATION- humans cut down forests, this slows down how fast carbon can be pulled out of the atmosphere through photosynthesis.

5. NITROGEN CYCLE

5.1. N2

5.2. NITROGEN FIXATION BACTERIA

5.3. NITROGEN FIXATION

5.4. DECAY/ WASTE

5.5. AMMONIFICATION

5.6. AMMONIA

5.7. NITRATE

5.8. NITRIFICATION

5.9. NITRATE

5.10. ASSIMILATION

5.11. DENITRIFICATION

6. CARBON CYCLE

7. Biochemistry & Life

7.1. Matter

7.2. Mass

7.3. Elements

7.3.1. sub note to elemnts

7.4. Atoms

7.4.1. sub note to Atoms

7.5. Atomic Makeup

7.6. Nucleus

7.6.1. sub note to nucleus

7.7. Electrons

7.7.1. sub note to electrons

7.8. Isotopes

7.9. Compounds

7.10. Covalant bonds

7.11. Iconic bonds

7.12. States of matter

7.12.1. Solid

7.12.2. Liquid

7.12.3. Gas

8. Energy and chemical Reactions

8.1. Chemical reation

8.2. Reactants

8.3. Products

8.4. Bi- directional Arrow

8.5. Metabolism

8.6. Activation energy

8.7. Polarity

8.8. Hydrogen Bonding

8.9. Cohesion & Adhesion

8.9.1. Adhesion

8.10. Solutions

8.11. Concentrations

8.12. Acids and bases

8.13. Ph scale and buffers

9. Discovery of cells

9.1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.

9.2. A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all the process of life.

9.3. Robert Hooke used an early microscope to see cells in thin slices of cork.

9.4. He described what he saw as "Little boxes" and sketched his drawings.

9.5. Dutch trader Anton Van Leeuwenhoek made microscopes that were 10 times as strong as Robert Hooke's instruments.

9.6. In 1673, he was able to observe cells from the genus Spirogyra and Vorticella. This was the first time that observation of movement was seen.

10. Cell Theory

10.1. This is comprised of three essential parts:

10.1.1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

10.1.2. Cells are the basic units of structure and and function in an organism.

10.1.3. cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells.

11. Cellular basis of life

11.1. All living things share 8 basic characteristics

11.1.1. They consist of organized parts

11.1.2. they obtain energy from surroundings

11.1.3. They perform chemical reactions

11.1.4. They change with time

11.1.5. They adapt to their environment

11.1.6. They reproduce

11.1.7. They maintain homeostasis

11.1.8. They share a common history

12. Cell size & shape

12.1. Cells are very diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization

12.2. A cells function influences its' physical features.

12.3. A cells shape can be simple or complex depending on the function of the cell

12.4. Some cells can be seen by the human eye, such as human egg cells which are the size of a period dot.

12.5. Cell size is limited to the relationship of the cells surface area-to- volume ratio

12.6. This is important because if a cell were to become too large, it couldn't pass materials into and out of itself.

13. Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Organisms

14. Basic Parts of a Cell

14.1. All cells have three basic features

14.1.1. All cells have a plasma membrane, which covers a cells surface and acts as a barrier into and out of the cell

14.1.2. The region of the cell within the plasma membrane that includes the fluid, cytoplasm.

14.1.3. The nucleus contains a cells DNA and regulates function. The nuclear matrix is the protein skeleton that maintains it's shape. Certain cells that are simpler, prokaryotes, have a nucleoid instead of a nucleus.

15. Two Basic Types of Cells - Prokaryotes

15.1. prokaryotes are organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles

15.2. They lack a nucleus, but instead have a nucleoid.

15.3. They are further divided into a domain bacteria and Archaea

16. Two Basic Types of Cells - Eukaryotes

16.1. Organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane - bound organelles are called eukaryotes.

16.2. These have organelles which are intracellular bodies that perform a specific function for the cell.

16.3. Eukaryotes are generally much larger than prokaryotes.

17. Cellular Organization

18. Colonial Organization

19. Groups of CELLS took on specific roles as organisms evolved

20. Groups that perform a particular job in an organism are called TISSUES.

21. Groups of tissues that perform a particular job in an organism are called ORGANS.

22. An ORGAN SYSTEM is a group of organs that accomplish related tasks. The stomach and liver are organs that are part of the digestive system.

23. Organ systems combine to make up an ORGANISM.

24. Plasma Membrane

25. Nucleus

26. Mitochondria

27. Endoplasmic Reticulum

28. Ribosomes

29. Golgi Apparatus

30. Lysosomes

31. Peroxisome

32. Cytoskeleton

33. Cilia & Flagella

34. Centrioles

35. Plant cells

36. Cell wall

37. Central vacuole

38. Plastids

39. Comparing the cells

40. Fundamentals of DNA

40.1. -DNA Double Helix

40.2. -Nitrogenous Bases

40.3. Complementary Bases-

40.4. The structure for DNA

40.5. DNA Replication-

40.6. How much DNA?

40.7. Steps of DNA replication

40.8. Replication Fork

40.9. DNA Errors

40.10. DNA nucleotide

41. What is RNA? How's it different from DNA?

42. RNA Structure and Function

43. The Flow of Genetic Information

44. Flow of Genetic Information

45. Problems with protein synthesis

46. Steps of Transcription

47. After Transcription

48. Translation

49. -protein synthesis

50. UNIT 8 SECTION 1

50.1. Chromosome structure-

50.2. Chromosome numbers-

50.3. Diploid and Haploid Cells-

50.4. Cell Division in Prokaryotes-

50.5. Cell Division in Eukaryotes-

50.6. The Cell Cycle-

50.7. Interphase-

50.8. Prophase-

50.9. Metaphase-

50.10. Anaphase-

50.11. Telophase-

50.12. After mitosis cytokinesis-

50.13. When control is lost-

51. UNIT 9 SECTION 1

52. Unit 9 section 2

53. EROSION

53.1. methods

53.2. small scale

53.3. Surface runoff

53.4. Coastal erosion

53.5. Large scale of erosion

54. WEATHERING OF ROCK

54.1. Physical Weathering

54.1.1. water abrasion

54.1.2. Frost Wedging

54.1.3. Plant Action

54.1.4. abrasion

54.1.5. wind abrasion

54.1.6. glacial abrasion

54.1.7. air abrasion

54.2. chemical weathering

54.2.1. carbonation

54.2.2. Oxidation

54.2.3. hydrolysis

54.3. factors effecting the weights of weathering

54.3.1. climate differences

54.3.1.1. cold and humid

54.3.1.2. hot and humid

54.3.2. root action

54.3.3. hot and humid climates

54.3.4. mountains and poles

54.3.5. mineral composition

55. microscope

55.1. compound light microscope

55.2. electron microscope

55.3. eyepiece/ ocular lens

55.4. stage

55.5. objective lens

55.6. light source

55.7. total power of magnification

55.8. resolution

56. metric "SI" system

57. Interdependence

58. biotic

59. Abiotic

60. tolerance curve

61. acclimation

62. conformer

63. regulator

64. Hibernation

65. migration

66. Generalist

67. Specialist

68. Niche

69. produce/ consumer/ detrivore/ decomposer

69.1. producer

69.2. consumer

69.3. decomposer/ detrivore

70. types of consumers

70.1. carnivore

70.2. herbivore

70.3. omnivore

71. Calories

72. food chain

73. food web

74. energy pyramid

75. Energy transfer

76. 90/10 rule

77. Kcal

78. Turgor pressure

78.1. too little water

78.2. too much water

79. Facilitated diffusion

79.1. facilitated diffusion carrier protein

80. Cell membrane pumps

81. sodium potassium pumps

81.1. pump steps

82. electrical gradient

83. movement through vessels

84. active transport - endocytosis

85. active transport pinocytosis

86. active transport phagocytosis

87. active transport exocytosis

88. Obtaining Energy

89. Capturing light energy

90. light and pigments

91. chloroplast pigments

92. converting light to energy

93. light reaction steps

94. replacing electrons in light reactions

95. making ATP in light reactions

96. Calvin cycle

97. Steps of Carbon Fixation

98. Alternative Pathways

99. C4 Pathway

100. CAM Pathway

101. Factors That Effect Photosynthesis

102. Summary of Photosythesis

103. The Krebs Cycle

103.1. Aerobic Respiration