Equilbrium

1. Reversible reaction occurs in close container.

1.1. Rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse reaction.

1.2. Amounts and concentrations of the products/reactants are constant.

2. Changing position

2.1. Concentration

2.1.1. Reactant is increased and equilibrium shifts to the right to produce more products.

2.2. Pressure

2.2.1. Mixture of gases is increased and equilibrium shifts to side of reaction with fewest moles.

2.2.1.1. 4 moles of gas on the left-hand side but only 2 moles on the right-hand side. Pressure shifts to the right to produce more NH3.

2.3. Temperature

2.3.1. Increasing shifts equilibrium in direction of the endothermic reaction. Decreasing will shift equilibrium in exothermic direction.

2.3.1.1. Ammonia is manufactured with an endothermic forward reaction. Increased temperature shifts equilibrium to left (exothermic), decreasing yield of ammonia.