1. Atomic structure
1.1. Sub-Atomic Particles
1.2. Orbitals
1.3. Valency
1.4. Electronegativity
1.5. Atomic Structure
2. Chemical Bonds
2.1. Covalent Bonds
2.1.1. Occurs when atoms share electrons with one another to complete their outer shell
2.1.2. Involes
2.2. Ionic Bonds
2.2.1. Formed between two ions
2.3. Inter-Molecular Forces
2.3.1. Hydrogen bonds
2.3.1.1. Occurs between
2.3.2. Van De Waals Forces
3. Properties of Water
3.1. Cohesion
3.1.1. The formation of Hydrogen Bonds between water molecules.
3.1.2. Generates Surface tension due to unbalanced Hydrogen Bonds.
3.1.3. What is the significance?
3.2. Adhesion
3.2.1. The formation of Hydrogen Bonds between water molecules and other compounds/molecules.
3.3. Temperature Regulation
3.3.1. High-Specific Heat
3.3.1.1. The amount of energy (as heat) which must be absorbed or released to get a change of 1°C per 1 g of a substance
3.3.1.2. Stabilizes Body Temperature and helps prevent overheating as well as regulating coastal temperatures.
3.3.2. High Heat of Vaporization
3.3.2.1. The amount of energy (as heat) which is required to convert 1 g of (fluid) water to a gas.
3.3.2.2. Allows it to absorb a lot of heat energy before evaporating meaning that it is an effective means of temperature reduction when evaporated during sweating and transpiration.
3.4. Buoyancy when ice
3.4.1. The lattice structure of water is more rigid and consequently less dense than its lattice structure when it is in a liquid or gases state as the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules are more stable at lower temperatures.
3.4.2. In nature ice can act as a insulating layer to the water beneath it allowing life to exist where it might otherwise be to cold for it to survive.
3.5. Polar and Non-Polar Enviroments
3.5.1. Polar molecules and molecules with Hydrogen bonds can dissolve within water while non-polar molecules cannot.
3.5.2. This results in the creation of polar and non-polar environments which are IMPORTANT in the organization of cells. It helps biological membranes such as those found around cells remain intact and retain their structure.
3.6. Solvent
3.6.1. g