1. SUPPORTS Support can be define in many ways such as fund, powerman and also machinery from Governments or NGOs.
2. more secure
3. Important to get know the social and economic background of the area and understand the culture and traditions,particularly idea and beliefs locally asscioated with aquaculture practices.
4. Topography
4.1. Factors :
4.1.1. Site suitability
4.1.2. slope assessment
4.1.3. transek
4.1.4. land transition process
4.2. flat or slightly sloping land use
4.2.1. gravity assistance can be filled
4.2.2. dried with the aid of gravity
4.2.3. machinery's use for building pound
4.2.4. requires higher pool limits for flood protection
4.3. How to overcome steeper farm site, or if the gradient is irregular?
4.3.1. good pool size and alignment
4.3.2. efficient construction
4.3.3. good access
4.3.4. effective water supply and drainage.
4.4. have a good source of water in and out of the pool
4.5. flat and flooded area
4.5.1. requires higher pool limits for flood protection
5. Soil Characteristic
5.1. Site evaluation have to be perform by taking soil samples at a depth of 1 m deeper than the depth of the pond to be excavated.
5.2. Avoid flooded and saturated areas
5.3. Ideally, the site should have the shape possible to build the pool in the proper shape.
5.3.1. Rectangular pool are more effective to operate.
5.3.2. Irregular shape are difficult for the farmer to operate.
5.4. Water pH between 6.5 - 8.5
5.4.1. If the pH is lower than 6, its means that the pond is acidic & should to give the lime.
5.5. avoid acidic sulfate soils (<pH 4.5)
5.5.1. This type of soil is more acidic and have high concentration of manganese soluble iron and aluminum.
5.5.2. use pump electric to active the water operation
5.6. Has good water retention characteristic
5.6.1. soil composed of mud or clay, or a mixture with a small amount of sand
5.7. Unsuitable soil
5.7.1. Peat soil
5.7.2. Very sandy or composed of a mixture of gravel and sand
5.8. Site that contains high silica in the soil is not suitable to build cement pool
5.9. Suitable soil: high permeable soil (silt / clay / silt + clay) *** Clay > 60% is not suitable to be used***
6. Power supply
6.1. Various of power sources can apply as water movement in aquaculture farm
6.2. Power Sources
6.2.1. Gravity
6.2.1.1. the most ideal but it needs to depend on the topography of the location
6.2.2. 2. Wind
6.2.2.1. depend on shape of pond and its topography
6.2.3. 3. Electricity
6.2.3.1. the easiest to build
6.2.4. 4. Petrol and diesel fuel
6.2.4.1. usually act as back up energy
6.2.5. Wood
6.2.5.1. act as alternative source
6.3. Most farms use electric and fuels pumps
6.3.1. to supply water to the pond or dry the pond during the harvesting process
6.4. Most suitable power source depends on the availability of equipment, unit power costs, site characteristics and water supply.
7. Source of water
7.1. giant prawn breeding from post larva to market size: using fresh water
7.2. salinity level: 0-4 ppt (tolerable up to 10 ppt)
7.3. quantity of fresh water depends on:
7.3.1. operation scale
7.4. type of management :
7.4.1. direct drainage system: requires water in large amounts
7.4.1.1. Locations that only have access to groundwater resources such as rivers and lakes will be the suitable areas for aquaculture project sites
7.4.2. recycling flow system
7.5. location selection
7.5.1. have access to water resources of land surfaces
7.5.1.1. examples: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals irrigation and others
7.6. quality of water
7.6.1. optimal giant prawn breeding
7.6.2. reach the level recommended by aquaculture experts
7.6.3. free from predators
7.6.4. proper screening process
7.7. 4 major needs
7.7.1. to fill up the pond
7.7.2. to substitute water loss due to water leakage and evaporation
7.7.3. to replace water
7.7.4. act as emergency
8. ground surface water
8.1. rivers, lakes, reservoirs and irrigation canals (as a source of water)
8.2. filtering water supply
8.2.1. helps reduce the early entry of predators
8.2.2. unable to clean chemical water or water containing disease organisms
8.2.2.1. how to overcome the problems? :
8.2.2.2. build a farm near the waterfall : carry water from distant and unpolluted water catchments or under reservoir dams
8.2.2.3. Select the stratified part of the epilimnion, at a depth of 0 - 10 m.
9. underground water
9.1. low amount of predators
9.2. high quality of chemical substances and microbiology
9.3. purposes of water
9.3.1. compensating for water loss due to leaks and evaporation
9.3.2. water exchange
9.3.3. immediate drying
9.3.4. the quality of chemicals, microbiology and predators is poor.
9.4. the water source at the site is also determined by the pattern of rainfall reception
9.5. filling ponds
9.6. help obtain sufficient water resources to replace/exceed its evaporation and absorption losses.
9.7. Groundwater resources are better than ground surface water because the quality of chemicals, microbiology and predators is less.
10. improper site selection may leads to:
10.1. 1. difficulties in holding water in the pond
10.2. 2. Dike erosion
10.3. 3. Low productivity of the pond
10.4. 4. inability to drain water completely
10.5. 5. difficulties in harvesting
11. Layout
11.1. The site can be used optimally
11.2. water from one pool does not enter another pool to prevent infection
11.3. The entrance door is opposite the exit door. The water that comes out does not re-enter the pool.
11.4. Facilitate the work of feeding livestock.
12. Social and economi Factors.
12.1. The social fabric, market, and its structure, services directly or indirectly linked with aquaculture sector such as transportation, storage, wholesale market aspects etc. Are to be considered.
12.2. The land identified for farm should be wihout legal issue and fish farming should be accepted by the local people.
13. power supply
13.1. wood
13.2. water
13.3. wind
13.4. electric
13.4.1. light up the lamp
13.4.2. water lake operation
13.4.3. tools for making the food
13.5. petrol and fuel
13.5.1. to active water operation
14. EQUIPMENT & FACILITY REQUIREMENT
14.1. Power supply
14.2. Road & access path
14.3. Accommodation for staffs
14.4. Predator protection - fencing etc.
14.5. Storage facilities
14.6. Nets
14.7. Water quality monitoring equipment
14.8. Transportation
15. source of water
15.1. freshwater -salinity level (0-4ppt)
15.2. quantity of water based on - direct waterflow & recycle waterflow
15.3. direct waterflow - need more water
15.4. but the process of filtering the water:
15.4.1. cannot clean the water from chemistry substances or ilness organism
15.5. surface water
15.5.1. •Ex : river, lake, resevoir and irrigation
15.5.2. filter water : can prevent from predator
15.5.3. choose the parts of surface water : "berstarta dari epilimnion
15.5.4. depth : 0-10m
15.6. 1) fill the water into the pond
15.7. under groundwater
15.7.1. because chemistry substances, microbology and predator are decrease
15.7.1.1. 2) substitute the lost of water because of :
15.7.1.1.1. leaking
15.7.1.1.2. evaporation
15.7.1.1.3. change to new water
15.7.2. there are 4 main of water
15.7.3. need record the level of rain water
15.7.3.1. to get enough source of water
16. topography
16.1. choose suitable base
16.2. factors:
16.2.1. availability of slope
16.2.2. process of transition of soil
16.2.3. transek
16.3. important to minimum the quantity of soil during pond construction
16.4. suitable soil
16.4.1. flat land
16.4.2. a bit inclined
16.5. suitable base
16.5.1. slope 2% ( 2m-100m)
16.5.2. gravity assistance can be filled
16.5.2.1. by natural
16.5.2.2. by dam
16.5.2.3. drying by assistance of gravity
16.6. for base more steeper or gradient is irregular:
16.6.1. size and pond allignment in efficient
16.6.2. good in access and have effective source of water
16.6.3. have source of water (in and out) effectively
16.7. certain base
16.7.1. pond that have dig in flat land
16.7.1.1. effect : flood
16.7.2. need higher pond barrier to prevent from flood
17. soil characteristics
17.1. site evaluation based on taking the soil sample
17.2. depth : 1m (more deeper than the depth of pond)
17.3. sample of soil:
17.3.1. to know the type of soil
17.3.2. knows the contents of chemistry substances
17.4. if have stone or tree stump should consider the costs of cleaning
17.5. prevent choose the area:
17.5.1. high chance of flood
17.5.2. difficult to construct the pond
17.6. unorganised structure of pond difficult to handle
17.6.1. need rectangle shape
17.7. farm site have fertile soil:
17.7.1. less cost of fertilizer
17.8. prevent from soil sulphate of acid
17.8.1. ex: pH <4.5
17.8.2. contain high in manganate and aluminium
17.9. should pH ( 6.5-8.5)
17.10. pond should contruct in good soil characteristic
17.11. soil characteristic very specific and need advice from land expert
17.12. not suitable for base of pond
17.12.1. sandy or contain mixture of gravel and sand
17.13. have good characteristic of maintain the water in pond
17.13.1. soil contain:
17.13.1.1. mud
17.13.1.2. clay
17.13.1.3. mixture of small of sandy
17.14. peat soil not suitable
17.15. clay soil ( <60%)
17.15.1. to prevent from expand and cracked during dry season
17.15.1.1. high cost needed
18. Drying Process
18.1. Drying the pond around 2 weeks - To removed the predators in the pond. - During the raining seasons, the pond should be dry up more often.
18.2. Using the sunlight can break down the organic matter such as prawn feed, excretion, plankton and dead bodies.
19. Pond Design
19.1. shape size pond
19.1.1. suitable shape: rectangle
19.1.2. ideal pool: 30 m width, length: depends largely on the topography of the site and partly on the size of the pond and the selected farm layout
19.2. dept pond
19.2.1. tropical area
19.2.1.1. 0.9 meter dept ( min:0.7 m, max 1.2 m)
19.2.2. cool area
19.2.2.1. (average 1.2-1.4 m)
19.2.3. characteristic of bottom pond
19.2.3.1. smooth, no rocks or tree stumps in it that will damage the net
19.2.3.2. gradual and smooth slope from the inlet to the outlet- prevent the shrimp from getting stranded and dying.