1. DIFFERENT AIMS OF
1.1. THE UNITED STATES
1.1.1. Control Pacific and Atlantic Oceans; access to raw materials and markets; ensure their own security; turn the world into one large free trade area (Capitalism); establish democratic states.
1.2. THE USSR
1.2.1. Rebuild the country's economy, deteriorated due to the war; regain the lands lost during the war; ensure that regimes friendly to them where established; continue co-operations of the Big Three.
1.3. ENGLAND
1.3.1. Remain as an independent Great Power still in possession of it´s empire; remain on friendly terms with the US and the USSR; a democratic government in Masaw.
2. CONFLICTING IDEOLOGIES, BOTH USSR AND US HATED THE OTHER'S IDEOLOGY
2.1. CAPITALISM
2.2. COMMUNISM
2.3. BOTH WERE ALWAYS SUSPICIOUS ABOUT THE OTHER'S MOVES AND IDEAS
3. INTER-ALLIAD NEGOTIATIONS
3.1. US, Britain and USSR Ministers meeting (October 1943)
3.1.1. The European Advisory Commission was establishd to finalize plans for the post-war Allied occupation of Germany. They also proposed the creation of a world organisation to maintain global peace and security. Stalin informed that the USSR would enter war against Japan after Germany´s defeat in Europre.
3.2. THE TEHRAN CONFERENCE (November 1943)
3.2.1. The Big Three meet
3.2.1.1. The Europe post-war, the future organisation of the UN and the fate of Germany were discussed.
3.2.1.2. Stalin stated that he wanted to regain the lands he had annexed, and both Churchill and Roosevelt did not oppose.
3.2.1.3. Churchill wanted Commonwealth and US troops in France rather than in the Balkans, planning the Red Army to liberate Eastern and Southern Europe by itself.
3.3. Churchill-Stalin meeting (October 1944)
3.3.1. Churchill proposed a division of south-eastern Europe because he wanted Britain to remain as a world power but he knew the USSR would be a stronger power after the war and feared he would have to fight them alone, without the US's help. This agreement consisted in: the USSR having 90% and 70% predominance in Romania and Bulgaria; Britain having 90% in Greece; Yugoslavia and Hungary were to be divided equally into British and Soviet zones of interest. Troughout this agreement, Churchill wanted to secure the Mediterranean Sea due to Britain's interests in Egypt and more countries from the posibilities of the USSR to build air nuclear bases in mediterranean countries (Italy, Greece, Yugoslavia) to threaten British ships. Italy wasn't concerning Churchill because there were no Soviet troops in the country.
3.3.1.1. Nothing came out of this meeting
3.3.1.2. Churchill didn't share his plans with the US.
4. DUE TO
5. THE LIBERATION OF EUROPE (1943-1945)
5.1. Axis States: Bulgaria, Finland, Italy, Hungary and Romania had their own governments before the Allies occuppied them Now, the Allied Control Commissions has the power.
5.1.1. These were set up in each occupied territory, even Germany.
5.2. Governments-in-exile were established in London during the war, in the states that were occupied.
5.2.1. They were made up by politicians who had managed to escape the German occupation.
5.3. Communist Parties
5.3.1. In the liberated territories, Stalin advised the local communist parties to form popular fronts or alliances with the liberal, socialist and peasant parties to gain power in eastern Europe
5.4. THE SECOND FRONT
5.4.1. (1943) Germans in retreat on the Eastern Front. Stalin demanded Roosevelt and Churchill the creation of a second front in Western Europe to relief pression of the USSR. The USSR faced over 80% of all Nazi military resources.
5.4.1.1. However, the UK and USA invaded North Africa and Italy and the Pacific War had entered its ‘island hopping’ phase.
5.4.1.1.1. Stalin thought the UK and the US delayed on the creation of the second front because they wanted the soviets to weaken fighting the germans.
5.5. D DAY
5.5.1. NORMANDY LANDINGS (June 1944)
5.5.1.1. FRANCE IS LIBERATED (August 1944)
5.5.1.1.1. General Charles de Gaulle, leader of Free French, established an independent government. He wanted to make France a powerful country again and to create a powerful western european block liderates by France.
5.5.1.1.2. The French Communist Party became a major force on French politics. The party's leader, Maurice Thorez, was instructed by Stalin to support the Soviet-French alliance
5.6. FINLAND
5.6.1. When Soviet troops started invading Finland, the country was promised an armistice on unexpectedly generous terms
5.6.1.1. The Finns had to declare war on Germany, cede part of their strategically important Petsamo region on the Arctic coast and pay reparations to the Soviets
5.7. POLAND
5.7.1. Churchill wanted Poland to have a democratic government once they were freed from Germany
5.7.2. Soviet advance over Poland
5.7.2.1. Stalin established the Committee of National Liberation, based in Lublin, Poland, which became known as the Lublin Committee to administer Soviet-occupied Poland.
5.7.2.1.1. He wanted a pro-Soviet communist government in Poland
5.7.2.2. Soviet troops had already crossed the Curzon Line and moved into western Poland. When they advanced they started destroying the nationals Polish resistance group, The Home Army.
5.7.3. The Home Army (Polish resistance movement) wanted to set up a non-communist government by capturing Warsaw (Poland's capital)
5.7.3.1. The Warsaw Uprising (Nov 1944)
5.7.3.1.1. They wanted to recognize the western Allies as the legal government of Poland.
5.7.3.1.2. Until 1945, the NKVD, along with polish communists, killed and imprisoned participants of the Home Army to eliminate anti-Soviet Polish opposition.
5.8. ROMANIA AND BULGARIA
5.8.1. Stalin wanted to annexe both countries because if they were under pro-Soviet government, they would protect the USSR south-western frontiers from any attacks.
5.8.2. ROMANIA
5.8.2.1. The Soviet control on Romania allowed access to Yugoslavia and central Europe so that hey could enforce their position on the Black Sea.
5.8.2.2. The soviets invaded and freed the country from Germany so the King of Romania had to negotiate an armistice with Stalin
5.8.2.3. Invading Romania allowed Stalin to invade the neighbour country Bulgaria
5.8.2.3.1. BULGARIA
5.9. YUGOSLAVIA
5.9.1. Josip Broz Tito was a communist partisan leader in Germany-occupied Europe. He looked to the USSR as a model. He created an effective partisan army which not only fought the Germans but also waged civil war against non-communist Serbs and Croat nationalists.
5.9.1.1. His position was strengthened when Britain in May of 1944 assisted him instead of the nationalists, because his partisans were more effective opponents of the german army.
5.9.1.1.1. Broz established communist governments on Yugoslavia and Albania and had full control of both by November of 1944
5.10. GREECE
5.10.1. ELAS emerged as the most effective resistance force in Greece and fought the Germans and non-communist guerrilla groups.
5.10.1.1. Stalin urged ELAS to join a coalition government with non-communist parties
5.11. HUNGARY AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA
5.11.1. Stalin wanted to keep the possibility of co-operation with non-communist parties in other to protect the Soviet Union
5.11.1.1. HUNGARY
5.11.1.1.1. Was assisted by Britain. They formed communist-dominated committees in every dominated area.
5.11.1.1.2. However, in the Soviet-occupied section of the country, the Hungarian Communist Party, was too weak to play an important role in politics.
5.11.1.2. CZECHOSLOVAKIA
5.11.1.2.1. Had the closest relation with the USSR. After the USSR started occupying them, they started working within a coalition government.
6. JANUARY 1945: The USSR recognizes that the Committee of National Liberation was communist-dominated
6.1. Britain and the US still supported the Polish government-in-exile in London but they let it slip through because of the interests they had in the unity of the Grand Alliance.
6.2. Tito-Stalin split in 1948
6.2.1. Stalin stops Broz’s attempt of creating a Balkan Federative Republic uniting Yugoslavia and Bulgaria (Georgi Dimitrov).
6.2.1.1. Stalin made it clear that Yugoslavia would have to subordinate its local territorial ambitions to the overall foreign policy determined by the Soviet Union
7. YALTA CONFERENCE (Feb 1945)
7.1. Attended by Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill to create plans for finishing the war in Europe and eastern Asia.
7.1.1. Plans for the occupation of Germany were finalized. Churchill wanted to include France because he feared the the US might withdraw its troops from Europe soon after the end of the war.
7.1.1.1. Each power was assigned its own zone, including BERLIN which was placed under Four-Power Control
7.1.1.1.1. CHURCHILL, ROOSEVELT AND STALIN; EACH ONE OF THEM WANTED TO ARRIVE FIRST AT BERLIN TO BE SEEN AS THE COUNTRY THAT WON THE WAR. STALIN ARRIVED FIRST