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1. AC/DC

1.1. Current is measured in Amps by a device called an ammeter

1.2. Alternate current (AC) : Flows back and forth at regular intervals called cycles

1.3. Direct current(DC) : A current that flows in one direction

2. Efficiency

2.1. Is the ratio of the useful energy that comes out of the device to the total energy that went in. Percent of efficiency= E out/ E in x 100

3. Low and high  resistance

3.1. Low: Metals

3.2. High: All substances resist electrons

3.2.1. When a current resist electrons it causes it to heat up and produce light

3.3. Resistance

3.3.1. Measured in Ohms and by an Ohmmeter

3.3.2. Example: Light bulb filament

4. Safety device for electricity

4.1. Fuse: is a safety device that has a low melting point. If the electrical gets dangerously hot the fuse melts on to the circuit stopping the flow

4.2. Circuit breaker: Same thing as a fuse but instead of melting it has a a spring mechanism that turns off the electric flow when the wires get to hot

4.3. Three-Prong Plug: The third prong connects the device to the ground wire of the building, this sends any unwanted current flow directly to the ground

4.4. GFCI: Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter  is a device that when it detects a change in current it opens the circuit which stops the current flow.

5. Static

5.1. it's an Electric charge that  builds On the surface of the object

5.2. Static electricity

6. Potential energy

6.1. Measured by a voltmeter

6.2. Energy stored in an object

6.3. Also known as Voltage or Volt

6.4. The difference in electrical potential energy between 2 points in a circle

7. Renewable resource

7.1. One that can be reused more than once (eg. Sun and wind)

8. Non-renewable resource

8.1. Non renewable: One that can't be replaced once it's used up (coal, Oil)

9. Conductor And insulator

9.1. conductor

9.1.1. Material that allows electrons to change position (Eg. Copper wire)

9.2. insulator

9.2.1. Solid, liquid, or gas that blocks movement of electrons (Eg. Rubber)

10. Short circuit

10.1. An accidental low resistance  connection between 2 points In a circuit

10.2. Short circuits are dangerous because the conduction wires can be very hot

10.3. But It can be useful by allowing technicians to work on the device without interrupting the circuit

11. Concept Map PHYSICS

11.1. Physics Mindmap

11.2. 1. Periodic Table

11.3. 1.1. Russian Chemist Dmitri Mendeleev

11.4. 1.2. Divided into Groups and Periods

11.5. 1.2.1. Important Groups:

11.6. 1.2.1.1. Group 1: Alkali Metals

11.7. 1.2.1.1.1. Stored in paraffin as they are highly reactive and could react with oxygen or water

11.8. 1.2.1.2. Group 2: Alkali Earth Metals

11.9. 1.2.1.3. Group 7: Halogens

11.10. 1.2.1.4. Group 8: Noble Gases or Inert Gases

11.11. 1.2.1.4.1. Have full outer shell= they are stable

11.12. 1.2.1.5. Group no. determines the valence of an atom (how many electrons are in the last shell of an atom)

11.13. 1.2.2. Periods: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

11.14. 1.2.2.1. Indicates how many energy levels/shells and atom has

11.15. 1.3. Atomic no. = no. of protons

11.16. 1.4. Diatomic Molecule: Two of the same non metal elements chemically bonded together

11.17. 1.4.1. 8 Diatomic Molecules: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine

11.18. 2. Classification of matter

11.19. 2.1. Pure Substance (substance that contains one type of particle)

11.20. 2.1.1. Elements (simplest type of substance cant be broken down using ordinary chemical reactions)

11.21. 2.1.1.1. Metals

11.22. 2.1.1.1.1. Shiny, High Density, Strong, Malleable, Ductile, Conduct heat and electricity, High melting point, Solid at room temperature except Mercury and Sonorous

11.23. 2.1.1.2. Metalloids (Semi-metals)

11.24. 2.1.1.2.1. Solids, brittle, greater resistance to electric current than metals,Conducts heat and electricity better than non-metals etc... (read through book for more characteristics)

11.25. 2.1.1.3. Non-metals

11.26. 2.1.1.3.1. Dull, Low density, Weak, Brittle, Non-ductile, Doesn't conduct heat or electricity, low melting points, half solid and half gas at room temperature except Bromine, Non-sonorous

11.27. 2.1.2. Compounds (two or more elements chemically bonded in fixed proportions)

11.28. 2.1.2.1. Compounds have different properties to the properties of the substance they are made from. They can be broken down into simpler forms.

11.29. 2.1.2.2. Two or more non-metals chemically join= Molecule (Covalent compound))

11.30. 2.1.2.3. Metal chemically combines with non-metal= Ionic Compound (Formula Unit)

11.31. 2.1.2.3.1. Crystal lattice structure/ SALT

11.32. 2.1.2.4. Chemical means of breaking down a compound:

11.33. 2.1.2.4.1. Heating (using heat energy to split compound)

11.34. 2.1.2.4.2. Electrolysis (using electrical energy to split a compound)

11.35. 2.1.2.4.3. Catalyst (adding another substance called a catalyst which causes slightly unstable compounds to split up faster)

11.36. 2.2. Mixtures (Impure substance) (where there are two or more types of particles physically mixed together) THEY DO NOT BOND TOGETHER

11.37. 2.2.1. Physical methods of separation (read book for more info)

11.38. 2.2.1.1. Hand sorting

11.39. 2.2.1.2. Chromatography

11.40. 2.2.1.3. Evaporation

11.41. 2.2.1.4. Filtration

11.42. 2.2.1.5. Distillation

11.43. 2.2.1.6. Magnetism

11.44. 2.2.1.7. Separating funnel

11.45. 2.2.2. When one substance dissolves into another its called a solution

11.46. 2.2.2.1. Two parts of a solution:

11.47. 2.2.2.1.1. Solute

11.48. 2.2.2.1.2. Solvent (forms the greater part of the solution)

11.49. 2.2.2.2. When a liquid dissolves in another liquid we call them miscible liquids.

11.50. 2.3. Nuclear Reactions vs chemical reactions

11.51. 2.3.1. Nuclear reaction splits nucleus of atom which can change the protons therefore making a different element.

11.52. 2.3.2. Nothing happens to nucleus only electrons involved in chemical reactions

11.53. 2.3.2.1. Properties of chemical reactions:

11.54. 2.3.2.1.1. A gas may be given off

11.55. 2.3.2.1.2. A precipitate (powder) may form

11.56. 2.3.2.1.3. The colour may change

11.57. 2.3.2.1.4. The temperature may change

11.58. 2.4. For differences between compounds and mixtures read book. Description of mixture separattio methods in book and read through experiments

11.59. 3. Atomic Structure

11.60. 3.1. Atoms are made up of particles of matter known as subatomic or fundamental particles. Atoms mostly consist of empty space. The nucleus is the center of the atom it consists of neutrons and protons grouped together, electrons orbit the nucleus

11.61. 3.1.1. Protons (positive charge)

11.62. 3.1.1.1. 'z' = atomic no.

11.63. 3.1.1.2. 'amu'=atomic mass unit

11.64. 3.1.1.3. neutrons+protons= atomic mass

11.65. 3.1.2. Neutrons (no charge)

11.66. 3.1.3. Electrons (negative charge)

11.67. 3.1.3.1. atoms can share, gain or lose electrons when they combine to form molecules.

11.68. 3.1.3.2. The way in which an atom reacts with other atoms is determined by the the electron configuration

11.69. 3.1.3.2.1. Electrons in an atom exist in layers called energy levels or shells. Electrons are arranged in energy levels according to different rules

11.70. 3.1.3.3. The BOHR diagram shows the electrons orbiting the nucleus of an atom.

11.71. 3.1.3.4. Valency is how many electrons an atom must lose, share or gain to become stable

11.72. 3.1.4. Protons and neutrons have a similar mass. Electrons mass= 1/1840. (electron mass is negligible)

12. Alternate sustainable to generate energy

12.1. Solar farm: Mirrors that focus sunlight onto a liquid that is heated and used water into steam to drive the turbines

12.2. Tidal: uses the energy of the powerful tides from the bay to spin the turbine

12.3. Wind: Uses the energy of moving air to spin the  generator

12.4. Solar cell: has 6 layers to capture electrons

13. Wet cells, dry cells, and fuel cells

13.1. Dry cell: An electrochemical that uses a paste  Instead of a liquid electrolyte

13.2. Wet cell: An electro chemical cell that has a liquid electrolyte

13.3. Fuel cell: Is an electro chemical cell that generates electricity directly from a chemical  with a fuel

14. Calculating unknown quantity of volts, current and resistance

14.1. Known: V, I  Unknown: R

14.1.1. R=V/I

14.2. Known: I   Unknown: R

14.2.1. V=IR

14.3. Known: V  Unknown: I

14.3.1. I=V/R

15. kw*h

15.1. Means Kilowatt per hour

15.2. Measures the amount of electrical energy consumption

15.3. 1kW= 1000W

16. Electrochemical cell

16.1. Made out of 2 parts, 1 electrolyte and 2 electrodes

16.1.1. Electrolyte:                                                         Is a liquid or a paste that conducts electricity because it contains chemicals that form ions

16.1.2. Electrodes:                                                       Are metal strips that react with the electrolyte

17. Factors that affect resistance

17.1. Length: Longer wires offer more resistance

17.2. Temperature: If it increases so does the resistance

17.3. Material: Copper has low resistance rubber has high resistance

17.4. Cross sectional wires:Wider wires offer less resistance

18. Static electricity rules

18.1. Opposite charges attract

18.2. Similar charges repel

18.3. Only electrons move from one object to another

19. Induction

19.1. Within a substance caused by a nearby  charged object, without direct contact between the substance and the object and the subject

20. 2 kinds of circuits

20.1. series

20.2. parallel

21. Generators

21.1. Transform the energy of motion into electric current, the magnets inside the generator are rotated by a turbine

22. Law of attraction And repulsion

22.1. Law of attraction

22.1.1. Particle with opposite charge attract

22.2. Law of repulsion

22.2.1. Particles with the same charges repel