Immunity

1. Brain Map

1.1. Vocab

1.1.1. Phagocyte

1.1.1.1. they are white blood cells

1.1.1.1.1. destroy infected cells by engulfing the pathogen

1.1.2. Lymphocyte

1.1.2.1. they are white blood cells

1.1.2.1.1. specialized to respond to one antigen

1.1.3. Macrophages

1.1.3.1. a large type of phagocyte

1.1.3.1.1. cut up pathogens to display antigens

1.1.4. Neutrophils

1.1.4.1. they patrol in the body

1.1.4.1.1. short lived, released in large numbers

1.1.5. Pathogen

1.1.5.1. the invading foreign substance

1.1.6. Antigen

1.1.6.1. a foreign substance that stimulates an immune response

1.1.7. Antibodies

1.1.7.1. produced by b-cells

1.1.7.1.1. they fight against pathogens

1.1.8. Non-self

1.1.8.1. any substance or cell that sets off the immune system as being foreign and will stimulate an immune response

1.1.9. Immune Response

1.1.9.1. the response of lymphocytes to the presence of a foreign antigen and involves the activity of lymphocytes and phagocytes

1.1.10. Immunity

1.1.10.1. protection against infectious diseases, gained either actively or passively

1.1.11. Histamine

1.1.11.1. chemicals that are released by cells under attack by pathogens

1.1.11.1.1. attract neutrophils to the site

1.1.12. Receptor Proteins

1.1.12.1. recognize the antibody molecules and attach to them - stimulate chemotaxis

1.1.12.1.1. found on the surface of neutrophils

1.1.13. B-lymphocyte

1.1.13.1. they secrete antibodies molecules with a specific shape

1.1.13.1.1. some act like markers

1.1.14. T lymphocytes

1.1.14.1. they coordinate the immune response or destroy infected body cells

1.1.14.1.1. they have t cell receptors with similar structure to antibodies that are specific to one antigen

1.1.15. Receptor

1.1.15.1. is the part of the antibody

1.1.15.1.1. can only combine with one type of antigen

1.1.16. Clone

1.1.16.1. small group of identical b-cells

1.1.17. Antigen Presentation

1.1.17.1. when macrophages expose the antigens from the pathogen on their surfaces

1.1.18. Antigen presenting cells

1.1.18.1. EX) macrophages

1.1.19. Clonal Selection

1.1.19.1. when b cells that have cell surface receptors fit the antigens interact with the macrophages and are selected to respond

1.1.20. Clonal Expansion

1.1.20.1. when mitosis becomes involved and creates multiple clones

1.1.21. Primary Response

1.1.21.1. the first response when the body detects a pathogen

1.1.21.1.1. when the b-cells clone and are caused to divide

1.1.22. Secondary Response

1.1.22.1. when multiple memory cells are produced to divide into plasma cells

1.1.23. Memory Cells

1.1.23.1. cells that are made at the end of immune responses that look out for past recognized pathogens so they can divide into plasma cells if seen again to kill it quicker

1.1.23.1.1. memory B cells and memory T cells

1.1.24. Plasma Cells

1.1.24.1. a type of b-cell that are able to secrete antibodies quickly into the lungs and the gut

1.1.24.1.1. they do not live long

1.1.25. Immunological memory

1.1.25.1. memory cells make this up

1.1.26. Immunoglobulins

1.1.26.1. antibodies that form a group of plasma proteins

1.1.27. Variable Region

1.1.27.1. antigen-binding sites that differ on each antibody

1.1.28. Antitoxins

1.1.28.1. a group of antibodies that block toxins released by bacteria

1.1.28.1.1. like: diphtheria and tetanus

1.1.29. T helper cells

1.1.29.1. cells that release a hormone that make b cells divide - clone or stimulate macrophages to carry out phagocytosis

1.1.29.1.1. Phagocytosis - killing the cell by eating/engulfing it

1.1.30. Killer T cells

1.1.30.1. searches for infected cells, secretes toxic substances that kill the bad cell

1.1.30.1.1. toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide

1.1.31. Memory T cells

1.1.31.1. created by t cells and are used in the body to watch out for further virus infected cells

1.1.32. Active Immunity

1.1.32.1. immunity that comes from antibodies produced when body is faced with pathogen

1.1.33. Natural Immunity

1.1.33.1. natural occurrence of the immunity caused by a disease

1.1.34. Artifical Immunity

1.1.34.1. comes from being given a vaccine

1.1.34.1.1. Like a shot for measles, flu, etc.

1.1.35. Vaccination

1.1.35.1. a dose of dead or messed up pathogen/virus into the body so it can create antibodies and memory cells to help in future cases

1.1.35.1.1. a type of artificial immunity

1.1.36. Passive Immunity

1.1.36.1. antibodies that are passed/injected from outside of body

1.1.36.1.1. EX) mother to baby - antibodies go through placenta or mother's breast milk

1.1.37. Cytokines

1.1.37.1. a hormone - produced by t-lymphocytes that signal b cells to come to a pathogen

1.1.38. Toxoid

1.1.38.1. a harmless toxin - a form

1.1.39. Host cell

1.1.39.1. the body that provides resources to grow infectious diseases

1.2. Important Factors

1.2.1. Skeletal System

1.2.1.1. bones contain marrow which create white and red blood cells

1.2.1.1.1. bones, bone marrow, white blood cells, blood

1.2.2. Integumentary System

1.2.2.1. Provides a passive barrier like skin, hair, etc.

1.2.2.1.1. skin, hair, and nails

1.2.3. Digestive System

1.2.3.1. the body tells when their is a virus or bacteria inside

1.2.3.1.1. digestive tract, GALT

1.2.4. Respiratory System

1.2.4.1. helps with the removal of debris and viruses in places like nose and throat

1.2.4.1.1. the lining of the cilia moves bad stuff out of the lungs, throat, mouth, nose, etc.

1.2.5. Circulatory System

1.2.5.1. moves blood and is home to the immune defenses

1.2.5.1.1. flows blood through the body and holds the white blood cells

1.2.6. Lymphatic

1.2.6.1. the first line of defense

1.2.6.1.1. contains lymph fluid, blood, white blood cells, etc.

1.3. Diseases

1.3.1. Smallpox

1.3.1.1. highly contagious viral disease

1.3.1.1.1. causes fever, weakness, skin eruption, forms scabs, and potential blindness

1.3.2. Measles

1.3.2.1. viral disease

1.3.2.1.1. spread through airborne droplets

1.3.3. HIV/AIDS

1.3.3.1. a disease that kills TH cells

1.3.3.1.1. transmitted sexually

1.4. B cells

1.4.1. bacteria and viruses

1.4.1.1. devlop in bone marrow

1.4.1.1.1. produce antibodies

1.5. T cells

1.5.1. virus infected cells

1.5.1.1. devlop in the thymus

1.5.1.1.1. recognize antigen-antibody bound cells

1.6. Hummoral Immunity:

1.6.1. 1. B-cell finds an antigen which matches the receptor

1.6.1.1. 2. The B-cell waits with antigen until it is activated by a helper t cell

1.6.1.1.1. 3. the b-cell divides and produces plasma and memory cells

1.7. Cellular Immunity:

1.7.1. 1. A phagocyte engulfs a bacteria

1.7.1.1. 2. Parts of the antigen on the bacteria go to the surface on the phagocyte

1.7.1.1.1. 3. The phagocyte presents the antigen to a helper t cell

1.8. Viruses:

1.8.1. have DNA/RNA and enzymes

1.8.2. they are not alive since they rely on host cells to live and they do not consume energy

1.9. Fever:

1.9.1. a type of immune response - the body temp rises about 98.6

1.9.1.1. increases phagocytosis and denatures enzymes

1.10. Third line of defense:

1.10.1. types of specific immune responses

1.10.1.1. Humoral

1.10.1.1.1. stops specific pathogen from spreading in the blood

1.10.1.2. Cell-mediated

1.10.1.2.1. kills specific virus infected cells in tissues