1. Phase change
1.1. Definition
1.1.1. Matter can change from one form to another. The change of one state of matter to another is called phase change
1.1.2. A phase change takes place when heat is added to or removed from a substance.
1.2. types
1.2.1. Freezing
1.2.1.1. Removing heat from a liquid substance
1.2.1.2. liquid to solid
1.2.1.3. freezing point
1.2.1.3.1. The temperature at which a liquid freezes to a solid
1.2.2. Melting
1.2.2.1. Adding heat to a solid substance
1.2.2.2. solid to liquid
1.2.2.3. melting point
1.2.2.3.1. The temperature at which a solid melts to a liquid
1.2.3. Condensation
1.2.3.1. remove heat from a gas
1.2.3.2. gas to liquid
1.2.3.3. condensation point
1.2.3.3.1. The temperature at which a gas condenses to a liquid
1.2.4. Evaporation
1.2.4.1. Adding heat to a liquid substance
1.2.4.2. liquid to gas
1.2.4.3. boiling point
1.2.4.3.1. The temperature at which a liquid evaporates to a gas
1.2.5. Sublimation
1.2.5.1. A solid directly change into a solid
1.2.5.2. example
1.2.5.2.1. Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When left at room temperature, dry ice sublimes into gaseous carbon dioxide.
1.2.6. Deposition
1.2.6.1. A gas directly change into a solid
1.2.6.2. example
1.2.6.2.1. On very cold winter mornings, water vapor in the air deposits as tiny ice crystals on the leaves of plants.
1.3. heating
1.3.1. adding thermal energy to a substance
1.3.1.1. heated
1.3.1.1.1. melts
1.3.1.1.2. evaporation
1.4. cooling
1.4.1. removing thermal energy from a substance
1.4.1.1. cooled
1.4.1.1.1. freezing
1.4.1.1.2. condensation
2. two types of changes matter
2.1. physical change
2.1.1. does NOT involve a change in a substance’s chemical makeup
2.1.2. no new substance is produced
2.1.3. usually reversible
2.2. chemical change
2.2.1. involves a change in a substance’s physical and/or chemical properties
2.2.2. produces a new substance
2.2.3. usually not reversible
3. characteristic
3.1. take up space
3.2. has mass
4. make up
4.1. atoms
5. states
5.1. solid
5.1.1. tightly
5.1.2. has definite shape and volume
5.1.3. example
5.1.3.1. ice
5.1.3.2. pencil
5.2. liquid
5.2.1. loosely
5.2.2. definite volume
5.2.3. do not have definite shape
5.2.4. example
5.2.4.1. water
5.2.4.2. alcohol
5.3. gas
5.3.1. very loosely
5.3.2. do not have definite shape and volume
5.3.3. exmaple
5.3.3.1. Water Vapor
5.3.3.2. Oxygen
5.4. plasma
5.4.1. source
5.4.1.1. manmade
5.4.1.2. naturally
5.4.2. characteristic
5.4.2.1. most like gas
6. properties of matter
6.1. Physical Properties
6.1.1. are characteristics of matter that can be observed or measured
6.1.2. can change without the substance becoming a different substance
6.1.3. types
6.1.3.1. Intensive properties
6.1.3.2. Extensive properties
6.1.4. The most important quantitative properties of matter
6.1.4.1. mass
6.1.4.1.1. measure of the amount of “stuff” in an object
6.1.4.1.2. depends on types of atoms in the object and how atoms pack together
6.1.4.1.3. measured in grams (g)
6.1.4.1.4. conservation of mass
6.1.4.2. magnetism
6.1.4.2.1. an invisible force exerted by some types of matter
6.1.4.3. temperature
6.1.4.3.1. a measure of how hot or cold an object or substance is
6.1.4.4. length, width and height
6.1.4.4.1. describe the size of an object
6.1.4.5. size and shape
6.1.4.5.1. describe the dimension and form of an object
6.1.4.6. volume
6.1.4.6.1. describes how much space an object takes up
6.1.4.7. viscosity
6.1.4.7.1. a property of matter that is important to fluids
6.1.4.8. solubility
6.1.4.8.1. describes how well a substance dissolves into another substance to produce a solution
6.1.4.9. density
6.1.4.9.1. measurement that reflects how much mass takes up a certain amount of space
6.1.4.10. conductivity
6.1.4.10.1. describe how well an object or substance transfers electricity or heat
6.1.4.11. boiling point
6.1.4.12. melting point
6.2. Chemical Properties
6.2.1. characteristics of matter that describe the chemical makeup of a substance
6.2.2. Chemical properties describe the ability of a substance to change its identity
6.2.3. examples
6.2.3.1. Reactivity
6.2.3.2. Toxicity
6.2.4. several important chemical properties of matter
6.2.4.1. Reactivity
6.2.4.1.1. describes how easily and fast a substance undergoes a chemical reaction
6.2.4.2. Corrosion
6.2.4.2.1. gradual destruction of an object by chemical reactions with factors in the environment
6.2.4.3. Oxidation
6.2.4.3.1. the destruction of matter due to chemical reactions with oxygen
6.2.4.4. Tarnish
6.2.4.4.1. a thin layer of corrosion that forms on the outside of certain metals such as copper, brass, silver and aluminum
6.2.4.5. Toxicity
6.2.4.5.1. describes the degree to which a substance can harm living things
6.2.4.6. Flammability
6.2.4.6.1. describes how easily a substance will ignite or catch fire
6.2.4.7. Combustibility
6.2.4.7.1. describes the how well a substance burns
6.2.4.8. Radioactivity
6.2.4.8.1. refers to the particles released by radioactive atoms. Radioactive atoms make up radioactive matter
6.2.4.9. pH
6.2.4.9.1. a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is