1. Neofreud
1.1. Freud attracted many followers who modified his ideas to create new theories about personality. These theorists, referred to as neo-Freudians, generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but deemphasized sex, focusing more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality.
1.1.1. Alfred Adler
1.1.1.1. Individual psychology
1.1.1.1.1. Drive to compensate feelings of inferiority
1.1.1.1.2. Inferiority in childhood is what drives people to attempt to gain superiority
1.1.1.2. Fundamental social tasks
1.1.1.2.1. Societal tasks
1.1.1.2.2. Love tasks
1.1.1.2.3. Occupational tasks
1.1.1.3. Hypothesizes about brothers
1.1.1.3.1. Oldest is an overachiever
1.1.1.3.2. Middle one minimizes those negatives
1.1.1.3.3. Youngest is spoiled
1.1.2. Erikson
1.1.2.1. An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan
1.1.2.1.1. He identified eight stages, each of which represents a conflict or developmental task
1.1.3. Carl Jung
1.1.3.1. Jung's Proposal
1.1.3.1.1. Extrovert
1.1.3.1.2. Introvert
1.1.3.1.3. Persona
1.1.3.1.4. Archetypes
1.1.4. Karen Horney
1.1.4.1. She disagreed with freud´s theory that the female psyche was the same as the male psyche, and disputed Penis Envy, while theorizing about Womb Envy. She argued instead that the source of much female psychiatric disturbance is located in the very male-dominated culture that had produced Freudian theory.
1.1.4.2. Horney’s theories focused on the role of unconscious anxiety. She suggested that normal growth can be blocked by basic anxiety stemming from needs not being met
1.1.4.2.1. Horney believed there were three styles of coping for children to handle this anxiety:
2. Traits Approach
2.1. Everyone has this 5 traits but in a different spectrum
2.1.1. Opennes: Imagination, feelings, actions ideas.
2.1.1.1. LOW SCORE: practical, conventional
2.1.1.2. HIGH SCORE: Curious, independent
2.1.2. Conscientiousness: competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness
2.1.2.1. LOW SCORE: Impulsive, careless, disorganized
2.1.2.2. HIGH SCORE: Hardworking, dependable, organized
2.1.3. Extroversion: sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression
2.1.3.1. LOW SCORE: Quiet, reserved, withdrawn.
2.1.3.2. HIGH SCORE: Outgoing, warm, seeks adventure.
2.1.4. Agreeableness: cooperative, trustworthy
2.1.4.1. LOW SCORE: Critical, uncoopreative, suspicious.
2.1.4.2. HIGH SCORE: Helpful, trusting, empathetic
2.1.5. Neuroticism: tendency toward unstable emotions
2.1.5.1. LOW SCORE: Calm, even-tempered, secure
2.1.5.2. HIGH SCORE: Anxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotions.
2.2. Behavioral Perspectives
2.2.1. Bandura
2.2.1.1. Social Cognitive theory
2.2.1.1.1. Learning- the aquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study or by being taught
2.2.2. Skinner
2.2.2.1. Behaviors are casual factors that are influenced by consecuences
2.2.2.2. Skinner argued that we respond to every kind of reinforcement behavior and personality can be controlled
2.2.2.3. Skinner believed that it is simply human nature that we behave in such a away that we would recieve rewards or favorable things
2.2.2.3.1. Kind of reinforcement, that behavior and personality traits can be shaped and controlled by the society
2.2.2.4. He proposed that differences in our learning experiences are the main reason of our different behavior.
3. Humanistic Approach
3.1. Maslow and Carl Rogers
3.1.1. Carl Rogers
3.1.1.1. Teaching
3.1.1.1.1. Empathy
3.1.1.1.2. Authenticity
3.1.1.1.3. Trust
3.1.1.2. Principles of learning
3.1.1.2.1. This individual has a goal he/she wishes to achieve
3.1.1.2.2. Learning in a supportive environment
3.1.1.2.3. Learning by doing
3.1.1.2.4. Self-initiated learning which involves the whole person of the learner
3.1.1.2.5. Learning is to incorporate into oneself the process of change
3.1.1.2.6. Human beings have a natural potential for learning
3.1.1.2.7. He gives the concept of congruence ans incongruence
3.1.1.3. Basic assumption
3.1.1.3.1. We can only facilitate his learning
3.1.1.3.2. People are basically good
3.1.2. Maslow
3.1.2.1. Proposed that human beigns have certain needs in common and these needs must be met in certain order.
3.1.2.1.1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
4. Biological Approaches
4.1. Attempts to explain behavoir as the direct product of interactions within the body. In line with Darwin's theory of evolution, it might also follow that genes from a basic of behavoir, as both behavior and genes appear to be heritable.
4.2. Somatotype
4.2.1. Depending on your body type your personality can change
4.2.1.1. Mesomorph
4.2.1.2. Ectomorph
4.2.1.3. Endomorph
4.3. Minnesota Study of Twins and temperament
4.3.1. Through this study it was concluded that ether or not twins live together or apart, they will have similar personality traits.
5. Cultural Understanding of Personality
5.1. There are culture specific aspects that can change people's personality
5.1.1. There are two aspects
5.1.1.1. Individualist
5.1.1.1.1. Personal oriented
5.1.1.2. Collectivist
5.1.1.2.1. Socially oriented
5.2. Poeple can be grouped into the BIG FIVE factors depending on where they live
5.2.1. an explanation is
5.2.1.1. SELECTIVE MIGRATION
5.2.1.1.1. Yo move to a place that suits you
5.3. Approves to study personality
5.3.1. Cultural-comparative
5.3.1.1. Test western ideas in other cultures
5.3.2. Indigenous
5.3.2.1. Study personality in non western settings
5.3.3. Combined
5.3.3.1. Understand both universal and cultural variations in personality
6. Historical Perspectives
6.1. Hippocrates
6.1.1. Theorized that personality traits and human behaviors are based on four separate temperaments associated with bodily fluids.
6.1.1.1. Choleric (passionate and ambitious)
6.1.1.2. We learn these patterns of behavior either directly with rewards and punishment (punish bad behavior either directly with rewards and punishment (punish bad behavior and reward for good behavior)
6.1.1.3. Melancholic (Reserved, anxious and unhappy)
6.1.1.4. Sanguine (joyful, eager and optimistic)
6.1.1.5. Phlegmatic (calm, reliable and thoughtful)
6.2. Franz Gall
6.2.1. German physician who proposed that the distances between bumps on the skull reveal a person´s personality traits, character and mental abilities. (Phrenology)
7. Psychodynamics
7.1. Freud
7.1.1. Stages of Psychosexual Development
7.1.1.1. Oral stage
7.1.1.1.1. Between 0 and 1 years old
7.1.1.2. Anal stage
7.1.1.2.1. The erogenous zone is the anus
7.1.1.2.2. The erogenous zone is the mouth
7.1.1.3. Phallic Stage
7.1.1.3.1. The erogenous zone is the genitals
7.1.1.3.2. Between 3 and 6 years old
7.1.1.4. Latency Stage
7.1.1.4.1. There are no erogenous zones present
7.1.1.4.2. Between 1-3 years old
7.1.1.4.3. Between 6 and 12 years old
7.1.1.5. Genital stage
7.1.1.5.1. The erogenous zone is the genitals
7.1.1.5.2. Over 12 years old
7.1.2. Structures of Self
7.1.2.1. Freud believed that we are only aware of a small ammount of our mind's activities that most of it is hidden in our unconscious.
7.1.2.1.1. Id "I want to do that now"
7.1.2.1.2. Ego "Maybe we can compromise"
7.1.2.1.3. Superego "It's not right to do that"
7.1.3. Defense
7.1.3.1. Because of stress between id and superego, the ego seeks to restore balance through various protective measures known as defense mechanisms
7.1.3.1.1. Rationalization (Justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less acceptable real reasons)
7.1.3.1.2. Projection (Attributing unacceptable desires to others)
7.1.3.1.3. Displacement (Transferring inappropriate behaviors onto a less threatening target)
7.1.3.1.4. Sublimation (Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels)
7.1.3.1.5. Repression (Suppressing painful memories and thoughts)
7.1.3.1.6. Reaction formation (reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs)
7.1.3.1.7. Regression (returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development)