The concept of culture

1. 4.6. CULTURE AS A SUBJECTIVE HUMAN CONSTRUCT

1.1. Two of the authors of the main prod- uct of Project GLOBE (a comparison of the societal and organizational cultures (House & Hanges, 2004):

1.2. Futher In other words,can say that the concepts such as intelligence, motivation, and even culture are synonymous with the way that they are measured

2. 2. Meaning of the Word Culture and Definitions of the Concept

2.1. 3. Culture As Is Versus Culture As It Would Be

2.2. The origin of the Latin word cultura is clear. It is a derivative of the verb colo (infinitive colere),meaning “to tend,” “to cultivate,” and “to till,” among other things (Tucker, 1931).

2.3. Consequently, the Latin noun cultura can be associated with edu- cation and refinement.

2.4. Kroeber and Parsons (1958): “transmit- ted and created content and patterns of values, ideas, and other symbolic- meaningful systems as factors in the shaping of human behavior”

2.5. White (1959/2007): “By culture we mean an extrasomatic, temporal continuum of things and events dependent upon symbol- ing”

2.6. Culture consists in patterned ways of thinking, feeling and reacting, acquired and transmitted mainly by symbol

2.7. Geertz (1973) noted sarcastically that “in some twenty-seven pages of his chapter on the concept, Kluckhohn managed to define culture in special with 11 definitions

2.8. Culture is shared mental software, “the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another” (Hofstede, 2001).

2.9. According to Jahoda (1984), “culture” is the most elusive term in the vocabulary of the social sciences and the number of books devoted to the topic would fill many library shelves

2.10. Segall’s call for pragmatism in cross- cultural analysis is laudable. Theoretical debates about the meaning that “should” be attributed to the concept of culture are pointless.

2.11. Culture can be pragmatically defined by the contents and boundaries of the inter- ests of the scholars who study it. Even bet- ter, we should look at what is in the focus of their interests. A culturologist may study climatic differences (for instance, van de Vliert, 2009),

2.12. According to Jahoda (1984), if culture is seen as including behaviors, it is incorrect to say that culture causes behavior because that would be a circular explanation.

2.13. Fischer (2009) illustrates another practical reason to define culture. In his view, if researchers do not focus on the shared aspect of culture

2.14. Leung and van de Vijver (2008) dis- cuss two approaches to culture: holistic and causa

2.14.1. The first approach is taken by those who view culture as consisting of inseparable phenomena that cannot cause each other.

2.14.2. Those who prefer the second approach may say that one cultural characteristic shapes another. If this is so, cultural researchers may need to explain how they conceive of culture: holistically or causally.

2.15. Poortinga and van de Vijver (1987) suggested a procedure for explaining measured differences between societies by introducing various relevant variables

2.16. Javidan and Houser (2004) describe two possible views: that a society’s wealth should not be confused with its culture and that wealth is an integral part of its culture.

3. 1. The unpackaging of the culture

3.1. In that case, it was common practice until recently to refer to an obscure residual called “culture.”

3.2. According: In the words of Child (1981), “In effect, national differences found in characteristics of organizations or their members have been ascribed to . . . national differences, period”

3.3. Anthropologists consider culture an important phenom- enon that warrants its own field of study

3.4. Culture is not a specific material object that has its own objec- tive existence. It is underpinned by real phenomena that, however, we perceive and analyze subjectively

3.5. we can discuss the contents of the package labeled “culture” as they have been seen by cross-cultural experts.

4. 4.5. CULTURE AS AN INDEPENDENTLY EXISTING PHENOMENON

4.1. cultural anthropologists say that culture has an independent existence,

4.2. This conceptualization of culture is appro- priate for the purpose of what many anthropologists were interested in

4.3. They studied various social institutions, inheri- tance systems, kinship terminologies, color terms, taboos, and religions

4.4. In change in type of individual val- ues, beliefs, attitudes, and even aspects of personality

5. 4. Classifications of the Concepts of Culture

5.1. University Technical of Ambato Faculty of human sciences and of the education Carrer of tourism and hospitality Name: Christian Torres Semester :seventh Date:May 8 th , 2020 Realize a organize graphic about "the concept of culture"

5.2. 4.2. OBJECTIVE CULTURE: INSTITUTIONS AND ARTIFACTS

5.2.1. Objective culture can be conceptualized as created by individuals and residing outside them

5.2.2. Art objects, clothing, work instruments, and residential constructions are examples of visible cultural artifacts that have an objective existence; these are studied mainly by ethnographers.

5.2.3. In where studied the anthropologists and historians; today, political scientists and sociologists are interested in the insti- tutions of modern nations

5.3. 4.3. CULTURE AS A SYSTEM OF BEHAVIORS

5.3.1. According to Brown (1991), “culture consists of the conventional patterns of thought, activity, and artifact that are passed on from generation to generation”

5.3.2. Thus, if a society demonstrates a recognizable pattern of activity, such as rice cultivation, that is part of its culture.

5.3.3. Recent definitions [of culture] tend to distinguish more clearly between actual behavior on the one hand, and the abstract values, beliefs, and perceptionsof the world that lie behind that behav- ior on the other.

5.4. 4.4. CULTURE AS A SET OF MEANINGS

5.4.1. American anthropologist Clifford Geertz is the best-known proponent of the view that meanings are central to the concept of culture (Geertz, 1973).

5.4.2. Pepitone and Triandis (1987) define culture as “shared meanings that are encoded into the norms that consti- tute it”

5.4.3. is treated as a symbolic universe of gestures and their micro-interpretation within spe- cific contexts, whereas the broader brush- strokes of cross-cultural comparisons are suspect” (Liu et al., 2010)

5.4.4. One is purely academic. Without a good understanding of meanings, a researcher may not know how to design a study

5.4.5. What exactly constitutes suicide? Jumping off the top of a skyscraper in an act of despair would probably be viewed as suicide all over the world.

5.4.6. According to Cheung and Leung (1998), most Chinese score high on American depression scales. Yet, this does not necessarily mean that they need clinical assistance

5.4.7. Following this logic, an American clinician who does not understand depression in a Chinese con- text would not be very useful to Chinese patients,

6. 4.1. SUBJECTIVE CULTURE: MENTAL SOFTWARE

6.1. Subjective culture is viewed as something invisible that resides in people’s minds.

6.2. In his 1980 book, Geert Hofstede intro- duced his metaphor of culture as mental programming or software of the mind.

6.3. According to Hofstede (2001), populations that share similar cultural values may sometimes fight each other if they have adopted different identities.

7. 5. Conclusions About the Conceptualization of Culture

7.1. Consequently, the question of whether culture is a system of behaviors, meanings, mental characteristics, or artifacts, or of all

7.2. Culture” is a construct. In the words of Levitin (1973), a construct is “not directly accessible to observation but inferable from verbal statements and other behaviors and useful in predicting still other observable and measurable verbal and non-verbal behavior”

7.3. culture is conceptualized and studied may depend on the constraining effect of a researcher’s cultural back- ground.

8. Introduction :The culture can be whatever a scholar decides it should be. What we need is not a single best theoretical definition of culture but clear empirical operationalizations of each approach: Researchers need to explain exactly how they propose to measure culture in accordance with their conceptualizations, diverse as they may be.

9. 3. Culture As Is Versus Culture As It Would Be

9.1. Further to the previous point, Schmitt, Allik, McCrae, and Benet-Martinez (2007) indicate that studies of Big Five personal- ity traits usually correct for age and gender differences.

9.2. Hofstede (2001) reports raw dimension indices as well as indices after correcting for age. Are such operations logical

9.3. They simply provide a dif- ferent image of a particular culture: how it would look if certain conditions changed.

9.4. The answer depends on how we prefer to view and compare cultures.

9.5. Alternatively, we can choose to work with hypothetical constructs: cul- tures as they would be under certain hypothetical conditions that may become real some day.

9.6. For instance, if two societ- ies have different demographic structures today, these differences might disappear in the future.

9.7. The first approach is the easier solution. The second may be attractive in some situ- ations but it is less practical.

10. Comentary The concept of culture , first i understanding that culture to mundial nivel is very kwon for to People of the world and where many authors say that the culture is a camp very studied for antropologist and in some scholar ,or high school , etc , here the students learn about culture tour concepts , definitions , how is the trate with the persons and when is individually always is necessary act with our values Futher the culture have diferent definitions but a i like it of that say the culture is universal because if not have culture is how you Project a first impresión in the form individual and group Finally the book is ver nice beca use i learned many about the culture ,your definitions ,you interaction and about all the culture exist in the world