1. EPITHELIAL TISSUES
1.1. are the ones lining our body cavities and organs. Epithelial tissues function in four major ways – protection, absorption, secretion and excretion.
1.2. • It has an apical surface which is free and basal surface attached to the basement membrane. • It is avascular (no blood vessels between tissue cells). • Tissue cells are highly mitotic (divides rapidly) • It has minimal neural connections.
1.3. SHAPE
1.3.1. SQUAMOUS
1.3.1.1. (Flattened cells) Cell width is larger than cell height.
1.3.2. CUBOIDAL
1.3.2.1. (Cube-like cells) Cell width is equal to cell height.
1.3.3. COLUMNAR
1.3.3.1. (Column-like cells) Cell height is larger than cell width.
1.4. ARRANGEMENT
1.4.1. SIMPLE
1.4.1.1. one cell layer
1.4.2. STRATIFIED
1.4.2.1. several layers of cells
1.4.3. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED
1.4.3.1. seems to have several layers due to various positioning of cell nuclei but it is a single layer because all cells extend from the basement membrane up to the surface.
1.4.4. TRANSITIONAL
1.4.4.1. consists of several layers of cells and is designed to stretch and to a normal state without damage.
1.5. FUNCTION
1.5.1. Mucous membrane
1.5.1.1. an epithelial tissue that secretes mucus. It is found lining many body cavities and tubular organs including the gut and respiratory passages.
1.5.2. Glandular epithelium
1.5.2.1. forms the glands. Glands are actually involutions of epithelial cells. Glands produce and secrete specific products.
1.5.3. Endothelium
1.5.3.1. a simple squamous epithelium that lines the interior of the circulatory vessels and heart.
1.5.4. Mesothelium
1.5.4.1. Simple squamous epithelium that lines the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities and covers viscera (internal organ)
2. NERVOUS TISSUES
2.1. is the main tissue component of the nervous system which functions to control the body and coordinating with body parts. Nervous tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord and other nerves in the body.
2.2. NEURONS
2.2.1. responsible for conducting nerve impulses (electrical signals transmitted along the nerve) throughout the nervous system
2.2.2. AXON
2.2.2.1. From the cell body, nerve impulses will travel down the axon until it reaches the axon terminal.
2.2.3. CELL BODY
2.2.3.1. Nerve impulses will be conducted into the cell body where you can find the nucleus
2.2.4. DENDRITES
2.2.4.1. rootlike extensions which receive the stimuli/nerve impulses from the sense organs or from the surrounding neuron.
2.3. NEUROGLIA
2.3.1. a group of cells that provide support and nourishment to the neurons.
3. CONNECTIVE TISSUES
3.1. is the second major type of tissue. This is the most abundant type of tissue. The general functions of Connective tissue include protection, support, binding of different body structure, transport of materials and for immunity.
3.2. Connective Tissue Proper
3.2.1. Loose Connective Tissue - fewer fibers, more ground resistance.
3.2.1.1. Areolar Tissues
3.2.1.1.1. The functions of areolar connective tissue include the support and binding of other tissues.It also helps in defending against infection.
3.2.1.2. Adipose Tissue
3.2.1.2.1. Its main role is to store energy in the form of lipids, although it also cushions and insulates the body.
3.2.1.3. Reticular Tissues
3.2.1.3.1. The reticular tissue is limited to certain sites in the body, such as internal frameworks that can support lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.
3.2.2. Dense Connective Tissue - more fibers, less ground resistance.
3.2.2.1. Regular
3.2.2.1.1. This consists of closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction. These collagen fibers are slightly wavy and can stretch a little bit. With the tensile strength of collagen, this tissue forms tendons, aponeurosis and ligaments.
3.2.2.2. Irregular
3.2.2.2.1. This tissue is found in areas where tension is exerted from many different directions. It is part of the skin dermis area and in the joint capsules of the limbs
3.2.2.3. Elastic
3.2.2.3.1. The main fibers that form this tissue are elastic in nature. These fibers allow the tissues to recoil after stretching. This is especially seen in the arterial blood vessels and walls of the bronchial tubes
3.3. Specialized Connective Tissue
3.3.1. Blood
3.3.1.1. This is considered a specialized form of connective tissue. It is an atypical connective tissue since it does not bind, connect, or network with any body cells. It is made up of blood cells and is surrounded by a nonliving fluid called plasma
3.3.2. Cartilage
3.3.2.1. This is a flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans and other animals. It is composed of specialized cells called chondroblasts and, unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels.
3.3.2.2. Elastic cartilage
3.3.2.2.1. Its function is to maintain the shape of the structure while allowing flexibility. It is found in the external ear (known as an auricle) and in the epiglottis.
3.3.2.3. Hyaline cartilage
3.3.2.3.1. This is is the most abundant of all cartilage in the body. It provides strong support while providing pads for shock absorption. It is a major part of the embryonic skeleton, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the cartilage of the nose, trachea, and larynx.
3.3.2.4. Fibrocartilage
3.3.2.4.1. This is a blend of hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissue. Because it is compressible and resists tension well, fibrocartilage is found where strong support and the ability to withstand heavy pressure are required. It is found in the intervertebral discs of the bony vertebrae and knee meniscus
3.3.3. Bone
3.3.3.1. is relatively hard and lightweight in nature. It is mostly formed of calcium phosphate in the chemical arrangement termed calcium hydroxyapatite, which gives bones their rigidity. It has relatively high compressive strength, but poor tensile strength, and very low shear stress strength.
4. MUSCLE TISSUES
4.1. are special cells that contract to produce movement.
4.2. SKELETAL MUSCLE
4.2.1. A. Structure: Skeletal muscle are long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells with obvious striations. B. Function: Voluntary movements C. Location: Found in the skeletal muscles attached to bone and occasionally to skin.
4.3. SMOOTH MUSCLE
4.3.1. A. Structure: Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations, cells arranged closely to form sheets. B. Function: Propels substances or objects along internal passageways; involuntary control. C. Location: Mostly in the walls of hollow organs like the digestive tract, bladder, arteries and other internal organs.
4.4. CARDIAC MUSCLE
4.4.1. A. Structure: Branching, striated, generally uninucleated cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated disc). A. Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control B. Location: The walls of the heart